A Universal Graphic Character Writer 
by 
Shou-Chuan Yang & Charlotte W. Yang 
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 
' ABSTRACT 
O 
A major harrier to the human communication is attributed to 
the fact that there is no compatible typewriter, as in the Western 
World, for any non-alphabetic language outside of the Western 
World. This paper~11 describe how a plotter can be used through 
programming, as a universal graphic character writer for all non- 
alphabetic as well as alphabetic languages in place of the type- 
writer. This is economically feasible since the plotter is not 
expensive and can be driven by a small computer on-llne, or off- 
line using a plotter and tape unit. 
Each character is treated as a single independent graph and 
decomposed into line segments within a 16 x 16 grid for non- 
alphabetic languages, and a 5 x 8 grid for alphabetic languages. 
Therefore, the graphic character can be represented by the coordi- 
nates which indicate the beginning and the ending points of the 
line segments. 
To take the most c.omplicated Chinese language as an example, 
the character for "BRAVE" ( ) can be represented by twenty-three 
pairs of coordinates and packed into four 48-bit computer words. 
Taking this as a basis for estimation, the overwhelmingly numerous 
I0,000 Chinese characters can be decomposed and packed into 40K 
*This study was supported in part by the University of Wisconsin. 
-2- 
of memory. Thus, a computer with 65K memory will be able to keep 
them in core for direct access and processing. 
On the other hand, an English letter "I~' can be represented by 
five pairs of coordinates and packed into one 48-bit computer word. 
In other words, the whole set of the English alphabet, including 
upper and lower cases, will need only II0 words of memory. 
The output on the plotter is itself a good hard copy to keep, 
and certainly it can be used as an original for further dupll- 
cating, photographing and photoengraving. 
O 
-3- 
O 
O 
I. INTRODUCTION 
This paper describes a system which simulates the function of a 
typewriter for all languages because of its unique nature in the 
c~In E and displaying of the graphic characters. Characters, 
Ineludlng alphabets, of all languages are encoded on a grid. How- 
ever, for the internal representation in the memory, only the X-Y 
coordinates of each straight llne segment are recorded, which will 
provide sufficient information to reconstruct this character. 
The test program for thl8 system is written in CDC 3600 FORTRAN (a 
variation of FORTRAN IV) which will generate a plot tape to be used 
on a Calcump plotter for producing these characters. Actually, 
with suweminor modifications, this program can be run on any 
cumputer and output on any plotter available. The advantage in 
using the plotter is that it produces directly a clear, hard copy 
at a very reasonable cost. Natural languages which have been tested 
in the program are Chinese and English. French, German, Hindi, 
Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean~ Russian, and Spanish are to be 
tested in the near future. 
II. CHAEACTERREPRESENTATION 
Different sizes of grids may be used to define the coordinates 
representing each character. For non-alphabetic languages, a 16 x 
16 grid is proved to be sufficient for a good recoding of the 
character. For alphabetic languages, a 5 x 8 grid will be adequate 
-4- 
to accommodate all the letters of the languages. Each grid point 
in the grid is assigned a pair of values according to its relative 
position in the grid, that is, the coordinates of the grid point. The 
rows of the grid points are numbered from the bottom up, from 0 
to 15 or 7 as the Y coordinate, The columns of the grid points 
are numbered from the left to right, from 0 to 15 or 4 as the X 
coordinate. The character is to be fitted into the grid with one 
restriction that all the starting points, turning points, and 
ending points of a line or iine segment have to be on one of the 
grid points. The coordinates of these grid points are recorded 
and to be stored in the memory for later retrieval. A curve of 
a stroke is treated as many short straight line segments. A llne 
is defined here with only one starting point and one ending point, 
and may or may not have one or more turning points between them. 
Coordinates of a line should always be recorded in the sequence 
as the starting point, the turning point or points, and the ending 
point. However, the sequence of coordinate groups of lines are 
immaterial for the character representation. 
The character representation method used by Hayashl, Duncan 
and Kuno of Harvard University is not .quite the same as described 
above. Instead of recording the starting point, 'turning point and 
ending point of a continuous llne, they virtually recorded the 
O 
-5- 
O 
O 
starting point and ending point of every line segment. That is, 
the turning point in a continuous line is used twice both as the 
ending point of the previous line segment and the starting point 
of the follewing line segment. This method does simplify the 
programming task for generating the character, but it also increases 
the number of coordinates to be recorded and stored for retrieval, 
resulting in inefficient character generation. Taking their example 
of a Chinese character for "BRAVE" (~), thirty-two pairs of coordi- 
nates are required to be stored for character generation. For the 
method described in the previous paragraph, only twenty-three 
coordinate pairs are necessary to accomplish the same task. If 
the English letter '~' is taken as an example, eight coordinate 
pairs are required for the Harvard method, of which, only five 
coordinate pairs are necessary to reconstruct the character 
excluding the three repeated coordinate pairs. 
-6" 
1S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 
14 • • • 
.... I::. 
1 
O. 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11.1213 ~1.: 15 
Figure I. The Chinese character £c¢ "BRAVE" on 
a 16 x 16 grid with tWenty-three pairs of 
coordinates: 
4 2,14), (12,14), ( 8,12); (6,13), ( 9,11); 
( 3, 6), ( 3,11); (13,il), (i3, 6); 
(3, 9), (13, 9); 
(3, 7), 413, 7); (8,11), ( 8, 7), ( 7, 4), 4 5, 2), 
4 1, 5), 414, 5), (13, 2), 411, 0), 
o 
0123 
( 1, 0); 
(9,2)• 
Figure 2. 
five pairs of coordinates: 
The English letter '~' on a 5 x 8 grid wlth I 
( O, 0), ( O, 7), ( 2, 3), ( 4, 7), 4 4, 0)• 
-7- 
O 
There are other methods to represent a character. One method 
uses a 256 x 256 or some other size cell grid. Each cell is one 
bit in size to record the presence of the character strokes, lines 
or dots as the one bit, and the non-presence of them as the zero bit. 
Then~ by resembling these bits into a pattern, it is used for the 
recognition or generation of a character. This method is employed 
for almost all commercial character recognition machines to identify 
English letters, symbols and numerals most often in printed form. 
However, this is not practical for the non-alphabetic languages 
because it requires a huge memory to store all these character 
cell-patterns. For example, one commercial machine actually uses 
a 2,048 x 2,048 cell grid to recognize an English letter with good 
precision. In addition, this method is not used for character 
generation because of the foreseeable programming complications 
and the time-consuming computer operations. 
Another method is to choose some special codes for identifying 
the characters. An arbitrary code system can be used for this 
purpose, such as the telegraphic code of Chinese characters. They 
are four decimal-digit codes ranging from 0000 to 9999 for repre- 
senting the I0,000 Chinese characters in use. They are rather 
arbitrarily assigned except that characters with certain stroke 
patterns are grouped together and the sequence arranged is closely 
-8- 
associated with the sequence appearing in most Chinese dictionaries. 
Another good example is the Binary Coded Decimal used in computers 
to specify the individual English letters, numerals and symbols. 
An alternative is to assign a code according to certain pattern 
or the arrangements of the strokes such as the method used by the 
IBM Sinowriter which was revised later by Itek Corporation and 
renamed as the Chicoder. It also uses four digit codes but the 
first two digits are alphanumerics and the last two digits are 
nmnerals ranging only from one to five. The advantage of this 
method is that it eases the memory retention of codes by the 
operator. 
These two code assiEmaent methods can also be applied to other 
languages as well. However, if characters are to be generated 
directly from those identifying codes then the coding of those 
characters is actually in some sort machine language for system 
macros and it could be very tedious and complicated. Therefore, 
these two methods are not recommended for generating characters 
but only for identifying characters durlng retrleval phase. 
ITT. CHARACTER GENERATION 
The codes for identifying different characters in various 
languages are just different forms of identification such as the 
illustrations of letters, numerals and special symbols on the keys 
O 
-9- 
O 
O 
O 
of every type~iter keyboard. Once the code is recognized either 
through the input media or through some internal transformation, 
the coordinate group associated with this particular code will be 
retrieved for character generation. 
Character generation through programming is basically a pro- 
cedure of initiating proper subroutine calls to plot a straight 
llne between two pairs of coordinates at a specified position. 
The difference between character generation through CRT beam dis- 
playing and through plott'er pen drawing is a matter of different 
subroutine calls for activating different hardware output devices. 
The character generation method employed in the test program 
is elaborated to the extent that once the plotter pen is lowered 
for drawing, it is maintained at that position untll the drawing 
of the current continuous line is completed and then it is lifted 
and set ready for the movement of the pen to the starting point Of 
the next continuous line. In the case of a CRT display, once the 
beam is turned on for displaying a line, it will not be turned off 
until the end of this continuous llne is reached. Thus, the coordi- 
nate greup of a continuous line is treated as a unit for the 
generating purpose. The first pair of coordinates in a coordinate 
group~ i.e., the coordinate pair of the starting point of a line, 
initiates the pen or beam to be moved to the position specified 
% 
< 
-10- 
by this pair of coordinates, and then to be lmre~ed or turned on 
at that position. The second pair and all the suceeding pairs 
of coordinates up to the second to the last pai~, i.e., the coordi- 
nate pairs of the turning points, will each activate one movement 
of the pen or beam to the specified coordinate pOsition forming 
a straight llne segment of the continuous line. The last pair 
of coordinates, i.e., the c~dinate pair of the ending point, 
will move the pen or beam to the specified coordinate position 
and then lift the pen or turn off the beam at that pOsition. 
The Harvard method is simpler and easier in l~~ in 
the sense that a generating unit contains only two pairs of 
coordinates: the first pair as the starting point of a straight 
line, and the next, or the last, pair as the ending point, which work 
the same way as indicated in the test progz-am. However, since there 
is no turning points involved, a nOn-straight line must be broken 
into many short m~ht lines with repeated coordinates to indi- 
cate both the ending of the previous line segment and the starting 
of the following line segment. Thtm a non-straight line with N 
straight line segments will have to he drawn or disp1~yed N times 
with the plotter pen moved, loeered, moved again, and lifted every 
time, or with the CRT beam moved, turned on, moved again, and turned 
off every time. 
0 
0 
-11- 
O 
IV. FORMAT CONTROLS 
In order to have the characters to form a meaningful text and 
to be arranged in different forms, certain forest controls are not 
only desired but also of necessity: 
I. " Language Selection 
The user is allowed to choose from all available languages 
in the system one or more desired languages to be written on the 
plotter paper. The first language selected also indicates 
the mode of input codes. Thus if more than one language 
selection is specified, the other languages selected will be 
written in parallel, in an equivalent word-for-word translation 
of the first language selected. A multlple-language machine 
dictionary is utilized for this purpose. 
2. Vertical or Horizontal Writing 
The writing direction of characters may be either vertical 
or horizontal. Non-alphabetic languages are usually written 
vertically from top downward for characters and from right to 
left for columms. Alphabetic languages are always written from 
left to right for characters and from top downward for rows. 
It is reecumended that for multiple-language writing including 
both alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages~ the horizontal 
writing mode is more suitable since non-alphabetlc languages 
will still be readable vertically while in the other case 
to read alphabetic languages in vertical fashion will be much 
more difficult in a continuous text. 
-12- 
3. Character Size and I~ter-character Spacing 
The number of characters to be accommodated on a standard 
size 8-1/2 x II inch page is determined by the character size 
specified which will also in turn allot the spacing between 
characters rc~ise and column-wise. The character size is 
specified in terms of step size, that is,the smallest distance 
between two specifiable pen positions, or the number of points 
to be positioned within the distance of One inch. The step 
size is to be treated as the unit distance between two grid 
points in the 16 x 16 and the 5 x 8 grids. Step sizes con- 
sidered appropriate for character writing for various visual 
effects are: 0o~I, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, and 0.04 inches. For 
examples, step size of 0.025 will yield 320 Chinese characters 
written horizontally, 0.02 inches for 500 characters, and 0.01 
for 2,000 characters. 
4. Blank Character 
This is used for all kinds of spacing needs in terms of one 
character size of blank spaces. Some typical uses are these 
of centered titles with blank characters filled on both left 
and right or top and bottom, indention at the beginning of 
rows or columns, blank filled endings of rows or columns~ blank 
I 
spaces between words and sentences in alphabetic languages~ etc. 
O 
m 
c 
-13- 
0 
0 
0 
5. Line and Page Controls 
In contrast to the above user-specified controls, the line 
and page controls are automatic system controls which can only 
be influenced through the character size selection and the 
language selection. The program will calculate the total number 
of characters to be written on a 8-1/2 x 11 inch page according 
to the selected character size and language (alphabetic or 
non-alphabetic). Then the number of characters per line (row 
or coltmm) will be calculated accordingly. When the end of a 
line is reached, the next characterwill be written on the 
first character position of the next line. And, if the end 
of a page is reached at the same time, the plotter paper will 
be advanced to the next standard size page with the next character 
to bewritten on the first character position of the first line. 
Special control characters denoted by seldomly used special 
symbols are provided in the system to signify the end of a line 
and the end of a page for the automatic skipping of the rest of 
the Line or page. 
V. CHA~ACTERSTORAGEANDKETKXEVAL 
1. IdentificatiOn Code 
A unique code is assigned for each character appearing in 
any one of the languages involved in the system for identification 
-14- 
purpose. The nt~erical code in decimal digits as discussed 
under Character Representation is a'mJmple and arbitrary 
method and can be readily applied to any language. For 
alphabetic ~ges, to associate the two decimal-digit 
codes with the alphabet requires only a couple of hours of 
actunl coding work. For non-alphabetic languages, as in the 
worst example of IO,O00 Chinese characters, the first ~uthor with 
no previous experience of the Chinese telegraphic code system 
but with sufficient background in the Chinese language, did the 
complete coding of the Chinese classics, the Four Books, in 
the Suuner of 1964with the aid of a code reference handbook. 
By \]ate swm~r of 1964, the Chinese text could be read directly 
in telegraphic codes with less than 2~ of reference to the code 
book. Since this method has been practiced in China for many 
years in telegraphic commmications, the authors believe that 
there must be some very efficient training method for this 
telegraphic coding •system. 
The previously discussed Chicodes for Chinese character 
encoding on the Chicoder was experimented for operator training 
in 1965 at Itek Corporation. The result was that for an American 
secretary with no previous knowledge of the Chinese language, 
hut with the aid of an instructional mmlua~, four months of 
traiD/ng will yield a typing speed of forty characters per 
minute including error corrections. However, the development 
0 
w 
0 
O 
O 
O 
-15- 
of this kind of coding system will demand detailed analysis 
of stroke patterns for the particular language and the organiza- 
tion of characters in terms of these stroke patterns. Thus 
it is not readily available and too costly a technique to 
implement for other less complicated languages. 
Both of the code assignment method may be used in the 
system to index the stored coordinate groups associated with 
each of them. When the writing request of a certain character 
reaches the associated coordinate group, the coordinates are 
copied into a buffer area and are being analyzed, calculated 
and transformed into a sequence of plotter subroutine calls 
for writing the character on the plotter paper. 
2. Accompanying Information 
The identification code may also be used to index information 
associated with the specific character for additional references 
and operations. If this system is to serve both as an automatic 
writing device and an automatic dictionary for two or more 
languages~ then all the information in a selected dictionary 
may be included in the system, such as the pronouneiation guide, 
parts of speech and other syntactic information, the meaning 
(translation) and other semantic information~ the associated 
phrases and idioms, and examples of usage. 
3. Data Compression 
Since the largest coordinate used in the two suggested 
-16- 
grids is the decimal number fifteen~ only four bits are needed 
to record one coordinate. Therefore, the coordinates maybe 
packed into a four-bit segment of a computer word. This may 
not be necessary for the alphabetic languages because their 
character sets are very small in size~ usually not more than 
sixty-four characters each set in binary coded decimal. How- 
ever, for the non-alphabetic languages such as the Chinese 
with a 10,000-character set, the need for data compression is 
rather apparent if all of their coordinate groups are going 
to be stored in the core memory for the most efficient processing. 
It is estimated that an average complexity Chinese character 
can be packed into four 48-bit computer words and thus a computer 
with 65K memory (e.g.~ CDC 3600) will be able to accov~nodate 
the overwhelming i0,000 characters in 40K of memory and allow 
the other 25K of memory for the executive system, the program, 
and the input/output buffering operations. 
Vl. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 
This system is aimed to provide a good universal writing device 
for all languages, alphabetic and non-alphabetic alike~ because 
of its graphic nature in treating characters of various languages. 
This is of particular advantage to the non-alphabetic languages 
since no practical and efficient typing or~/riting device has been 
created for their uses. 
O 
-17- 
e 
e 
The system uses the plotter as its output device for writing 
characters directly on the paper to produce a clear and permanent 
hard copy. The alternative CRT display has a unique advantage of 
on-llne monitoring or editing but is otherwise a more complex 
process and hardware system to produce a final hard copy, and thus 
inevitably too expensive for practical and efficient applications. 
From numerous job runs of the test program on the CDC 3600 a plotter 
page of standard 8-1/2 x 11 inch with 320 Chinese characters written 
will cost about one dollar and twelve cents. The estimate for the 
test program.to be run on the Univac 1108 is approximately eighteen 
cents per page. It would be very interesting to know the cost 
for on-line plotting with a PDP-8 and a plotter since they are among 
the least expensive computing equipments available. 
• The system is programmed in the Fortran language so that it 
can be 8tilized through small or medium size computers with the 
least effort Dfadaptatlon, ADyplott~;~wlth:a~tep sise of 0.01 or 
less is very satisfactory for output character writing. The output 
from this system is certainly suitable to be used as an original 
for further duplicating, photographing, and photoengraving. Multlple- 
color writings may be accomplished through the change of plotter pens 
or inks of various colors with the aid of in-line plotter controls, 
-18- 
Finally, the system is oriented toward the user's convenience 
in operating. All the user's controls and selections are specified 
in natural language vocabularies and punched on cards as the input 
data to the computer. No progra~ning work is involved on the part 
of the ultimate user to cause unnecessary complications or diffi- 
culties in utilizing this system. The user's learning process 
requires only a few times of actual practice to achieve efficient 
system utilization. 
Q , 
O 
O 
-19- 
O 
O 
O 
SAI~LE CONTROL A_~ DATA CARD IMAGES 
STORE 
DO01 I ONE 
2 7 14 7 -1 
0002 DING FOURTH 
311 1211 77717 711 
0003 CHI SEVEN 
71 52 -i 
2 7 12 7 7777 512 5 2 8 1 12 2 1'2 3 -i 
0004 JAQ TEN FEET 
211 1311 7777 1014 9 7 7 4 1 1 7777 411 5 7 9 3 13 U 
0005 SAN THREE 
412 1012 7777 3 8 ii 8 7777 1 3 133 ~i 
~UO6 SHAN~ UP 
714 ---~~? 7 8 Ii 8 7777 2 'i 13 1 -i 
0007 SHIAH DOWN 
.... 1172- 13~ ~7 712 ..... 7" i- 7777 ..... 7-6 -ii 6 -I 
0008 BUH NoT 
211 1212 7777 712 2 3 7777 712 7" 2 7777 710 12 5 -1 
OOO9 GAY BEGGAR 
..... h_ i ._2._.3_ ~i ..................... 
0010 CHOOU CLOWN 
313 1113 8 2 7777 71~ 4 2 7777 3 9 7 5 7777 i 2 13 2 
UOll £HI£\[ MORhOV~ 
1 1 13 1 7777 4 1 41~ 1013 I0 1 7777 4 9 IU 9 7777 4 5 
........ --I ..................... 
0012 Pl GRAND 
• 313 1113 7777 713 2 2 7777 713 7 2 5 3 7777 711 !I 5 
2 2 12 2 -i 
UUl3 bHT~ ~ORLD 
614 6 4 IO 4 1014 7777 312 3 2 13 2 7777 1 8 14 8 -l 
..... J014 BIING THIRD .... 
315 1113 7777 1 1 ii0 1310 13 1 ii 2 7777 713 5 2 7777 
92 -I 
JOl5 CHG~NG DEPJTY 
413 -l-Gl-~----TIT---T-Z---5-JT--7771 .... ~Y0-----7-I\[---2 4 7777 111o 7 6 
7777 2 2 15 Z -I 
~016 " DIO~ EOSE 
512 1113 7777 2 9 12 9 7777 1 6 13 6 7777 712 7 6 3 1 
94 -I 
0017 BINQ AND 
-4-~----'-6-I~---6--~---7~----i-~-~I~-----8"-i---77=/7 -- 311 IIii 7777 3 
6 5 7777 ii 9 II 5 8 5 7777 2 1 13 1 -i 
0~18 ..... MEAN " HIDDEN .................................................................. 
213 1113 7777 O13 6 7 7777 311 3 7 9 7 7777 71J Iii~ 
........ 9~ ....... 5 2 "i .................................................... 
O019 GOEN DOWN STROK& 
713 / -T--~T 
uO20 GEH CLASSIFIER 
......... 2 7- 7£3--iT7 7777- 7i3 .... 7-i ...... 52 ~1 ........... ~ ................................................ 
~021 IA 5LAV~ GIRL 
........ 3i4 -79 'ii13 -77?7 .... 7 9 ...... 70 ......... 4i--i ............................................ 
0022 JONG MIDDLE 
El0 Izi0 IZ b z b----2TU~777TT--T-O----I 
G023 FENG ABUNDANT 
........ 3-9---iT13--7777 ..... 37- ~i7 777T i ~ i3-#~777 ?f~-- 7 3 -I 
~024 GUANN TUFTS OF HAIR 
- - 2i2 .......... 2 ~ '5 6 7777 514 .... 5 4 ....... 2 0 -'7777 ..... 7i4 ...... 7 0 7?77 7 6 
1112 -i 
00Z) LHUANN bIKING' 
412 1012 I010 410 412 7777 2 8 ,12 ~ 12 4 Z 4 Z O 7777 
- T-O---~q-i ........................................................ : ...... 
2: 
............................ = 
0026 AH ACTINIUM 
18 414 612 7777 210 610 7777 2 6 6 6 7777 1 i 6 i 7777 
2 4 4 1 6 4 7777 614 914 911 810 9 9 9 6 7 6 714 7 1 
7777 1.014 1414 i314 13 1 ii 2 7777 i011 121i 12 4 i0 4 i011 7777 
41d 4 1 -i 
du27 dUd A POINT 
4 8 10 4 -i 
u028 AT EINSTIEINIUM 
1 8 414 012 77/7 210 610 7777 2 6 6 6 7777 1 i 6 I 7777 
2 4 4 i 6 4 7777 914 1112 7777 712 1412 7777 9 8 911 1311 
13 8 9 "8 i0 8 7 4 7777 9 6 9 1 ii 2 7777 13 7 9 4 14 2 7777 
413 4 1 -i 
~ WAN PILL 
211 IGll i0 I 12 0 14 1 14 3 7777 514 5 5 0 0 7777 3 9 7 5 
--i 
0030 DAN CINNABAR 
3 o 4 9 413---IT13 II 0 7 1 7777 1 5 13 5 7777 611 8 7 -I 
od3-1 JUo MASTER 
.... ~l "O'. i `2lo. "7"7''i'7 ......... 25i257777 ..... i i 13 1 7777 713 7 1 -i 
.ud32 AY ASTATINE , ..' 
..... ~13 .... 61~--7777---3i3 .... ~ 5-?77? ...... 1 7 5 7 5 i 1 1 1 7 7777 814 
8 ~ 7777 ii14 ii ~ 7777 611 1511_ 7777 7 9 iO 4 14 0 7777 12 
-q E-~-----~O-:i 
~833 PlEE LEFT DOWNSTROKE 
913 8 8 7 4 2 0 -I 
6034 Y I H MOW 
ii13--iD-8 ~ 4 1 0 7777 -313 ...... 5 8-10 1 13 0 -i 
J055 NAE THEREUPON 
-213 ""7213 .... 83U"-q3"EU----I3"-G---1-I--D .... q~'~-'-'7lll 515 4 6 O o -i 
J~36 ~':'" " LONG TIME 
....... 514 " 2 6 "U777 512 912 7 6 " 2 G 7777 6 5 II--0- 14 ~--~ 
dL37 JY HIM/HER/IT 
....... 514 711 .• 7777 3II iiii 7 7 O 5 Ii 2 14 3 -I 
JG38 JAH oUDDdNLY 
" 514 ..... 1 ~'""7777 412 I112 -T-/77 ...... ~12 ....... ~--J""7777 ----'5-~"'--I0 ~ \[771 5 4 
18 " ' 
-38"39" " Hd .... (INTERROG,PAi~T*) ................. 
i~13 411 7777 4 ~ b 7 1777 IJ ~ 8 7 7777 1 5 13 5 7777 712 
7 ~ 4 i -I 
~C~O FAR TIRED 
313 i~14-"?777 613 6io 7777 ..... ~ iliO i 3 9 i 14 3 -i 
-~i GJAI CLEVER F' • 
414 IDI4 7777 iii 1311 7777 714 , 7 0 5 1 7777 510 5, 2 S 
7777 2 8 5 8 7777 910 9 5 12 5 7777 9 8 12 8 -i 
~G~2 CHERNG- MULTIPLY .............. 
414 1014 7777 112 1312 7777 714 7 O 5 1 7777 511 5 7 2 7 
7777 2 9 .... 5-"9 '77"77 '--'9"lq ....... ~"7'"-~2 "7----7777--"9 ~'T~-7777 u i 4 3 
7 7 iO 3 14 i -i 
G843 ............ AN ...... EJCALyP fOS ............................... 
ili 611 7777 414 4 0 2 1 7777 0 3 6 9 7777 10i4 101~ 7777 
7 9 712 1312 15 -9---7?77- 6 6 14 6 f77~ ..... 8 9 8 4 14 0 7777 12 9 
v044 YIi SECOND 
313 ii13 3 7 2 3 3 1 13 1 13 3 -i 
3045 MHIE SQUINT 
i 8 1112 9 6 7777 
v~6 JEGd 
414 4 2 6 1 13 1 13 3 "I 
21J 91U 8 6 
-CL~4"7 ....... ~m-El-r ....... 
514 41s 7777 
NINe. 
9 2 11 1 13 2 13 4 7777 514 510 
3-£G,5 
44 .i ;J -i 
5i2 1212 7777 610 i010 4 4 5 0 13 i 13 4 -i 
aJ48 YEE ALSO 
13 
........ \[i~- ii12 iC 6 7777 714 7 7 7777 312 3 3 13 1 14 3 -I 
0~49 GA~ DRY 
G 5 6 5 7777 O 3 6 3 7777 3 5 3 U 7777 814 711 7777 813 
1413 7777 811 1211 
0050 RUU MILK 
8 7 7 1 12 0 14 i 14 3 -i 
714 
6 8 
-i 
0051 
G13 
0 4 
iii 7777 211 3 9 7777 412 4 9 7777 613 5 9 7777 2 8 
4 6 4 0 Z 1 7777 0 4 B 4 7777 813 8 1 ii 0 14 1 14 4 
GAN DRY 
613 7777 314 311 011 611 6 7 0 7 011 0 9 6 9 7777 
6 4 7777 3 7 3 0 7777 814 711 7777 Si3 k413 7777 811 
LUANN DISORDERED 
, ....... ii3 .... T14--~777 213 311 7777 4i3 411 7777 6i3 511 7777 iii 
711 4 9 310 5 6 7777 1 0 1 8 7 8 7 0 7777 4 8 2 5 6 5 
4 I 7777 Z I- 6 4 2 4 6 1 7-7-7-7-'----B-T4 8 1 Ii 0 14 1 14 4 -i 
OG53 GAN P00L 
.... If3 ....... 613 1 9 04 4 1 i2 I 14 4 7777 9i4 9 2 7 4 7777 510 
9 8 4 4 7777 1211 9 d 13 4 -I 
...... u~4 " - UYUE MARK OFF ........ 
714 7 0 3 2 -1 
; 0055 LEQU--~NqSR ............... 
313 1113 710 7 0 4 2 -i 
0056 .... YEd TO GIVE ..... 
314 1114 711 7777 512 810 7777 110 1310 ii 8 7777 71~ 7 G 
42 -1 ...... 
u057 SHY~ WORK/AFFAIR 
llb i313-77"77---S~~-~-n72----7-7~ ..... 2"-~-"l'Z---#- 12 4 2 4 7777 3 6 
12 6 7777 714 7 0 4 i -i 
0056 6EEl4 6~NZINE 
123 1313 7777 4±4 ~ld 7777 101~ £1U 7777 3 9 12 9 7777 711 
7 0 7777 ~ 3 7 9 14 5 1717 3 3 II D -i 
0059 ELL T,.~U 
.... 311 -FI~/-I~77-7 ..... ~ 4- i3-I~~1 
ugEO Yd AT/IN 
313 i113 7777 713 7 0 3 1 7777 I 8 13 8 ~i ...................... 
0061 YUN CLOUD 
..... 413 iOl3 -7777 1 9 13 9 7777 7 9 2 1 12 1 - 85 -I 
dd62 HUH M~T~ALLY 
-- 31~ i113 7li/ ........ TI3---2---~----/-~-77-7T ....... ~-D- -Y0"~ ......... 5'" 1 7777 u 1 14 1 
-i 
..... ~"93 wuu FIVl ............................... 
312 1112 7777 ~12 2 1 7777 3 8 12 o 9 1 7777 0 1 !# l -i 
~6~ ..... JTING WELL .................................. 
311 1111 7777 1 6 13 6 7777 514 5 5 4 0 7777 914 9 ~ -I 
0065 GE~Q------~US--~TTF~I'~\]7~'--R 
313 1113 7777 713 3 7 7 3 7777 711 ii 9 7 1 7777 5 9 9 6 
7777 0 1 14 1 -i 
~" %6 KUANO SITUATION 
- ,2i3 ....... 611 7777 1 1 6 7 -7777 714 i3i4 i38 7-8-- 7~- 777i 1~ 8 
8 3 5 1 7777 i0 8 ii 1 14 1 14 3 -I 
-- 0067 SHIE -~M~ 
212 2 6 7777 414 4 7 7777 410 710 7777 0 5 6 7' 1777 614 
......... ~4--61--Y4-8 7777 4 4 iO 4 7777 1 1 13 i -?TIT dib '~31--i 
0068 YEA ASIA 
........... 3Y3 -1~fI3--7777 ~I3 6 8 2 8 2 5 6 5 6 17777 , 813 '~ e 12 
12 5 8 5 8 1 7777 0 i 14 i -i 
UUE9 JYI U~GhN~ 
313 1113 710 7 1 5 2 7777 2 9 6 9 6 5 2 5 2 9 7777 8 4 
12 9 8 9 12 4 7777 1 1 13 1 -i 
.,24 
l BI PYRENE i0 510 5 4 1 4 ii.0 7777 613 6 1 
13 I0 1 13 1 14 3 7777 i0 7 13 7 -i 
9 2 7777 :6 7 9 7 7777 
• TOUR ABOVE 
,12 7 6 7777 1 4 13 4 -i 
:13 WANG PERISH 7 9 7777 1 9 13 9 7777 3 9 3 2 II 2 -i 
i KANQ OVERBEARING 
,14 711 7777 iii 1311 7777 1 0 3 1 5 5 5 9 
, 1 13 3 -i 99 93 ii C 
JIAU JOIN 
,14 711 7777 211 1211 7777 511 
ql Ii 7 7777 IO 9 5 2 2 0 ---i- 
3 7 7777 4 9 .IO 1 13 o 7-~7 
HAY T~ELFTH 
14 711 7777 ~I- 1311 7777----711~ 
6 3 0 7777 7 3 ii 0 -i 
YLH ALbU 
14 710 7777 liU 131~ 7777 610 
8 2 2 7777 I0 8 12 2---I 
HENG PROSPEROUS 
712 7777 ---~.\[q 1212 7777 511 
'7 75 70 42 -I 
SHEANG ENJOY 
,14 
4 7 7 7 7777 9 9 3 3 7777 
6 4 5 U 7777 810 8 ~ 7777 
5 6 9 ~ 911 511 7777 b 
.14 712 7777 312 1112 7777 511 5 6 9 8 911 511 7777 5 7 
! 7 7 5 7 0 5 1 7777 1 4 14 4 -I 
JING CAPITAL 
14 fZZ 77(/ ..... ~5-f2~---'7777~"~I~ ~ o 9 6 910 51Q 7777 7 6 
0 5 1 7777 5 5 2 2 7777 9 5 12 2 -I 
~' IY;~D VAVIL|UN 
14 712 7777 312 1112 7777 511 5 8 9 8 911 511 7777 1 5 
--T--q~-7--iz ~ rrtt ~5---~5---CT77-~-~----7-O 5 1 -1 
LIANG BRIGHT 
14 712 7777 ~r2- -iqq-Z--~/777---~YI .... S--g-- -~9--9 911 511 7777 1 6 
8 13 S 12 6 7777 1 0 5 4 5 7 9 7 9 3 12 O 14 i -I 
~OH {~IbIRI-(/'T-,"T4"A'F4"E-~ 
14 713 7777 313 1113 7777 512 5i~ 910 912 512 7777 1 7 
13 9-~--T~777~-~5~-7----~--~--7777---~T-7 ..... ~ II 1 12 3 7777 4 5 
5 -i 
~AA;~ -~5"I~,KIC'ERE 
14 713 7777 213. 1213 7777 412 4 8 I0 8 1012 412 7777 511 
~ 9 911 ~li 777/ 5- 1 b l 9 f 9 1 7777 5 5 9 ~ 7777 
3 9 3 7777 1 I 14 1 -I 
~GLI ....... RESUCU\]L :' "-- 
14 713 7777 113 1313 7777 413 Z12 2 8 7777 211 411 7'i,/ 
I~ 41G 7777----5~3-----51~Z ........ 9~2"~--7777 511 811 7777 610 6 9 
9 81G 610 7777 1012 1212 12 8 7777 1911 1211 7777 i010 1210 
71 1 6 1 ~ 14 8 13 6 7777 5 1 5 7 9 7 9 1 7777 5 5 9 5 
77 5 3 9 3 7777 1 1 14 1 -I 
,~FO~J ON LIQUIDS 
13 613__7777 011_ 0 1 5 1 611 011 7777 2i3 2 5 7777 
5 7777 1 3 5 3 7777 713 911 914 7777 1114 iiii 1313 77,4 
i! 1411 7777 911 i0 8 iiii 7777 8'8 12 8 7777 8 6 12 6 7777 
4 14 4 7777 I0 8 13 4 7 0 7777 i0 4 13 O -I 
REN PERSON 
i-~- 7 9 5 ~-- 1 O 7777 6 6 9 1 14 O -1 
SHER WHAT 
14 ~ 7 7777 3 9 3 1 7777 5 8 13 8 7777 91# 9 0 -I 
REN HUMANE 
i4 ~ 7 77/( ~ 9 
DZN£ ALONE 
14 0 7 7777 3 9 
3 1 7777 
3 1 7777 
5 9 ii 9 7777 43 i3 3 -i 
412 1312 7777 912 9 O 7 1 ,:-I 
0090 TEEH OBLIQUE TONE 
1 0 3 6 3i3 iii3 7777 7il 7 6 4 0 7777 7 6 i0 i 13 O -1 
--0o91 -~J .... ~-~D-STRATE 
414 0 7 7777 3 9 3 1 7777 814 8 0 7777 610 i0 6 14 4 -i 
uo92 CHOUR ENMITY 
414 0 7 7777 3 9 3 I 7777 714 7 8 5 2 3 O .7777 510 iii0 
9 6 I0 0 ~3 0 14 2 -i 
0093 JIN NOW 
0 5 714 14 5 ~6 9 8 7 7777 4 5 i0 5 7 0 -I 
0094 JIEH LIE BETWEEN 
0 7 714 14 7 7777 5 9 5 5 4 0 7777 9 9 9 0 -i 
0095 RENG STILL 
., 17-70 7 7777 --'-~--3"-1---7777 ..... 5i3~121~--g-'9 i3 9 14 5 
(7 713 5 1 -i 
U096 IO~D--- SERVANT 
414 0 7 7777 3 9 3 1 777"7 
b V 15 ~ \[tll b b 13 b Ill7 
0097 LAC MAN 
-4I'4----~777" 3 9 3" 1 7777 
8 7777 1312 4 3 7777 8 6 
---aL ...... TZYY MINUTELY 
-414 0 7 7777 3 9 3 1 7777 613 1213 910 9 1 
14 7 -i 
12 1 I0 2 
4 1 5 7 513 1313 13 1 Ii 2 7777 
91~ 9 1 -I 
611 1211 77?7 q 8-q-4 8-- 7~ 914 
8 1 Ii 1 13 2 7777 8 4 12 4 -i 
7 2 7777 4 7 
0099 SHYH AN OFFICIAL 
- ° 414- U-7 7777 3 9 3 1 7777 
12 2 -I 
OI~DD TA HE/SHE 
414 0 7 7777 5 9 3 1 7777 
4 8 14""8" 7777 " 914 ....... g 2 7777 6-2-- 
5 8 1311 12 6 7777 I014 i0 6 7777 
712 7 2 13 1 14 3 -I 
DISPLAY 
.... CH I NE~EE 
HO R I ZONL 
U.D25 " 
TELE TELE 
0001 0002 0003 0004 0~-6 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 
0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0324 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 
0033-,U0340035 00360037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0049 0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0065 0064 
006~0-66 0(Y67 00-68 00690070 0071 0072 0073 0074 00-75 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 
0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 00'91 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 
UO~7 0098 O099 0100 -IO0 
CHINESE ENGLISH 
- ~:{0 r~ ~EONL ..................................... 
325 
----~ , ' ....... TELE .............. 
0001 0002 0002 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 00!3 O01a 00!5 0016 
UUI7 '0018 0019 0020 00El 0022--0-0~--O-0~+ 0025 0026-0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 
0033 0034 0035 0096 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 Q')~-2 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 006-8 
0049 0050 oo51 0052 0053 oo5~ 66~ o~6-60~ 665~; 565~0g6--6-6-~-i--5~6~006~-0~..~, 
00~-5 0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0977 0078 0079 0080 
-~1 :0-08-~0083~084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 609i 009-2 0-59-3 6097J-OO -bO59g 
OO~f 0098 0099 0100 -IO0 
LHINh~L 
HORIZONL 
TELE 
77001~J-0~2-O~3 00040005 0006 0007 OO08 0009 0010 00ii 0012 0Qi300ih 00i5 0016 
0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 00!0 0011 00!2 001 ~ 0014 0015 0016 
UOOl UO02 0003 0004 0005 00"~ 0007 0008 0009 O010 00I! 00!2 00\]3 O0!a 0015 O0ie 
0001 00O2 0003 O0O4 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 00~2 0013 001~ 0015 001~ 
2.6 
0"018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 00'28 0029 0030 0031 0032 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 
0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 003"2 
0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 
0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040"0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 
0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 ,4 
0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 u~64 
0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 
0066 0067 0068~069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 
0066 0067 0068 00-69 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 
0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 
0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 
0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 Uv96 
0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 
~0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 
0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 
0098 0099 0100 
0099 0099 0100 
U098 0099 01~0 
0098 0099 0100 -i00 
ESE ENGLISH 
ZONL 
025 
TELE 
~U34 0035 OO3~~Sq\]-FTq'JU~8~O~OO~0~0~T0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 
0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 
3007 0003 0016 0004 0017 0005 0006 0007 0001 0001 0001 0001 0018 0002 0016 
3002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0012 0013 0014 0016 
0976 0077 0078 0079.0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 
0003 0005 0007 0009 0011 0013 0015 
006? 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 -i0 
ESE 
ZONL 
025 
TELE TELE 
O01R 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 
0050 
0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 
0053 0054 0055 0056 00.57 0058 0059 0@60 0061 0062 0063 0064 
0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 0097 0098 0099 0100 
0307 0033 0016 0004 0017 0005 0006 0007 0001 0018 0002 0016 
0954 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 
0052 0053 0954 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 
0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 
0098 0099 0100 
O00p 0303 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 
0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 
0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 
~_'~ & 
9~ 9~ 99 I0~ 
OUTPIIE PAGE I: The first one=hundred Chinese 
characters of the Chinese telegraphic code -- 
horizontal wrlting~ Chinese characters at step 
size 0.025 inch, code number at step size 0.01 
inch. 
0~ 
5 
UOgLO 
scarf GI~, 
~5 
SI~JN~ 
~:LL 
LffFI OOUuS ~O:~f 
M~g~U~gttl 
CLgVfg 
E 
~OutNl 
fnOt 
2b 
~P~SPf~gb$ 
FObP,'~t'4 ± 
UP 
77 
CL Oi, IN 
IUll~O 
~#99Lg 
A£I #WIU~ 
C- I t~t~Ag,~g 
2 
SLiDD\[N,.~ 
~U~. I I PL Y 
Nlt~i 
I'll~g 
J 
~bI!JRLLY 
S~I~JR# ION 
r~frar 
X JOlfl 
~0gE0v\[ f. 
OE'pul v 
i 
< 
ABUNDANT 
R PP'NT 
7) 
CUC.AL'If' T US 
FI~ISM 
T~O Zz 
r;vt' 
SO.~k 
ABOVl; ?. 
(./~.1" t 1 gL 
7F 
NO! 
G~RNO 
lO~f 
glA55t¢!f~ 9P 
1~g~S OF N~lfi 
glNSIL'IHI~ 
~$TRIIHf < 
LO~ir IlHL 
ll~rO 
ALSO 
O!50~PSgfO 
.~- 
R!II~ 
UCLL 
ASIA 
rr~|s~ 
RLS~ 
rAVJLION 
• '~q. 3 
I~LO,~g O~,LiOut 'ON:' FgLL ff~)S1l~Al.:, f~'HIY 
NON ( I L- fi\[ ' :4L~ ~ ,S '~ I k L S fgYgN 1 
pAN P!NJ\]£L~ RN OFF!f~)AL I'~\['/~P f. 
OUTPUT PAGES 2 & 3: The same one-hundred Chinese 
characters wlth their English Equivalents -- 
horlzontalwrlting, Chinese characters at step 
size 0,025 inch~ English letters at step size 0.01 
inch, 
a~ 
TS£ ~ b ITs ` S ££5_ ~£¢- 
~T 
~ 9 
• d' ~ q-~ .~. 9t ~ @ ¢1~ -. ~,~ 
j >4 f~ £ ~, "F ' -- _ <-. 4 ~. J1 ~ )~i ,i:~ {_. t~_. ,% ~ 
,: .:X © £ ~ "~ 4:- ~_, ~?~-.~ ,~ ~L ~ ~ ~ t~ 
...... .,.'At, .:m j-- 
l- L.._ i .~ ,. 
TL_, j - 
~_ --B ~, -'- -'- -'- --'- 
-- -- . r~ 
_A~ _A__ _~__ 
\ 
OUTPUT PAGES 4 & 5: Chinese charactersj a horlzontal 
writing mode and at step size 0.025 inch, arranged 
at 320 Characters per page for continuous text 
writing. 
/ 
L E+E'T DONNSTB~!C~ 
~I~/Hgff./JI 
OLffV~2 ~2 
SObpNT 
F2NISH 
F" ;L 
S~fNLY 
2 
NU.71PLY 
NINg 
10 C!vff 
~/l~ 
T~EBE~PO~ 
lINT~ggOG. ON~T,i 
fUCRLYP~US 
d~ 
e\[cc 
22 
CLOU~ 
LON~ llp~ 
-T'- 
II~\[g 
d~ 
SFC ~C. 
P~ OFF 
ti~ I:J~k LY 
I" .i 
'!+:, : EL; 
F 
I?.%N 
~0 GIV,~ 
-F 
FOU~!H 
~iO~tJ 
NOS~,/RFFqJB 
CLOUO 
I 
.-- 
THRE~ 
D~ 
T 
roog~ ' 
MUT'j~L\[ Y 
F 
UP 
L05.\[ 
% 
ONC F'OU~ Tt~ SEVEN 
T 
UP D~n~N 
TN~L Fv, H ~1150 I" gO~Pf~,~J(JS 
CR? ! Trek f'RVi k iON BR I c,g ~ 
_Px__ 
SINf.fg\[ gE'~OLUIC HOL0 ~N ~iOUlO5 
i,~ H.~ ~ NUt'lq if:: RI. I)NL 
0Nf $~TVfN 
T 
1~fg 00NN 
g\[ (,C Rq ~US\[-0vL a 
gO.n.L D DErGI~ 
S0~. ~$ I ~ U.E C C';',I 1 
_A__ 
~qBOv\[ i~\[g i 5(4 OvgF, gt }/gi Nr-- 
LOSf @ 
fNJO~ 
IDISI~ICI NRN\[I 
X_ ffgSON 
OgLJ~of ~ON2 
X JO~N 
OUTPUT PAGES 6 & 7: Chinese characters with 
English equivalents arranged at 80 characters 
per page with blank spaces and lines randomly 
filled inside the text. 
!8 
so 
3~ 
~0 ~1 :22 ;~3 24 25 Z6 27 ~B 29 30 31 32 
5S 5E 51 58 S~ EO El E~' E3 
53 $4 SS S~ S'~ 5a $9 ~0 61 62 ~.3 64 
gZ 9J 94 95 9S 91 9.~ 99 I00 
54 S5 r~G • .57 Sa S9 e~O {I G2 e~3 G4 
5:?. 53 $4 5S 5~ $7 5a 59 ~ El E~ ~ ~'I '~S ~ 
33 S~ 55 S{~ S'; 5a S~ EO ~ I E ~ ~3 ~4 ~S e,~ 
9"\] 99 I00 
34 2S 36 31 38 \]9 40 4J 42 43 -14 :IS 4~ 47 4B 
7~ '~'I 7a '19 a0 81 B2 83 B4 as a~ a-i 88 gg 91} 
OI~PUT PAGE 8: Chinese characters with 
identifying telegraphic codes arranged 
at 320 characters per page with ~pace 
and ~Ine controls. 

REFERENCES 

Dougherty, C. Y.; lamb, S. M.; and Martin, S. E. Chinese Character 
Indexes. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 
1963. 

Gruenberger, Fred, ed. Computer Graphics--utility/production/art. 
Thompson, Washington, D.C. and Academic Press, London, 1967. 

Hayashl, Hideyuki; Duncan, Sheila; and Kuno, Susumo. "Graphical 
Input/Output of Nonstandard Characters," Communications of the 
AC__~M, II (September, 1968), pp. 613-618. 

Hays, David. Introduction to Computational Lin~ulstics. Elsevier 
Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1967. 

Itek Corporation. Operational Instructions for the Modified 
Sin cwriter (Chicoder). Itek Corporation, Lexington, 
Massachusetts, 1964. 

Kay, Martin. "Standards for Encoding Data in a Natural language," 
Computers and the Humanities, I (May, 1967), pp. 170-177. 

Kovalevsky, V.A. Character Readers and Pattern Recognition I 
translated by A. M. Karpovich and A. M. Leavitt. Spartan, 
New York, 1968. 

Lee, T. C.; Wang, H. T.; and Yang, S. C. '~n Experimental Model 
for Chinese to English Machine Translation." Paper presented 
at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Machine Trans- 
lation and Computational Linguistics, San Francisco, California, 
1966. 

Lee, T. C.; Wang, H. T.; Yang, S. C.; and Farmer, E. Linguistic 
Studies for Chinese to English Machine Translation. Itek 
Corporation, Lexington , Massachusetts, 1965. 

Reifler, Erwin. "The Solution of M~ Linguistic Problems Through 
Lexicography," Prpceedin~s of the National Symposium on Machine 
Translation, edited by H.P. Edmundon. Prentice-Hall, Englewood 
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1961, pp. 310-316. 

See, Richard. '~achine-kided TransLation and Information Retrieval," 
Electronic I Handling of Information: Testins & Evaluation, edited 
by Allen Kent; Orrin E. Taulbee; Jack Belzer; and Gordon D. 

Goldstein. Thompson, Washington, D.C., and Academic Press, 
London, 1967, pp. 89-108. 

Siders, R. A. and others° Computer Graphics: A Revolution in Design. 
American Management Association, New York, 1966. 

Uhr, Leonard. "Pattern Recognition," Pattern Recognition , edited by 
Leonard Uhr. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1966, pp, 365-381. 

Also in Electronic Information Handlln~, edited by Allen Kent and 
Orrln E. Taulbeee Spartan, Washington, D.C., and Macmillan, 
London, 1965, pp. 51-72. 

Uhr, Leonard; and Vossler, Charles. "A Pattern-Recognition Program 
That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts 7is Own Operators ,"Pattern 
Reco~nitioq, edited by Leonard Uhr. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 
1966, pp. 349-364. Also in Computers and Thought, edited by 
Edward A. Felgenbaum & Julian Feldman. McGraw-Hill, New York, 
1963, pp. 251-268. Originally published in 1961 Proceedings of 
the Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 555-569. 

Yang, S. C. "Automatic Segmentation and Phrase-Structure Parsing: 
a Simple Chinese Parser," Thqu~ht and Word , 6 (January, 1969), 
pp. 324-331. 
