COMPUTATIONAL DIALECTOLOGY USING GLAPS 
--Automated Processing of Field Survey Data -- 
Tsunao Ogino 
Dept. of Linguistics 
Fac. of Letters, Univ. of Tokyo 
7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, 
JAPAN 
Summary 
The author developed GLAPS (Generalized 
Linguistic Atlas Printing System) in 1975 and 
has since applied it, with modifications, to 
various field survey data. GLAPS has also been 
employed by other dialectologists. These 
applications of GLAPS reveal that this system is 
a useful new tool for analyzing dialect survey 
data even for persons ignorant of computer 
programming. 
i. Introduction 
Linguistic geography and sociolinguistics 
have been widely employed among dialectologists 
in postwar Japan. Over the last ten years, 
computer-processing of field survey data has 
become more and more common. 
The author originally developed the GLAPS 
processor to produce linguistic atlases by 
computer. GLAPS has since been modified to 
,produce glottograms and crosstables and to 
handle sociolinguistic data in general. 
This paper presents an outline of GLAPS and 
an example of its usage. 
2. Characteristics of GLAPS 
2.1 Easy Understandability 
The GLAPS processor is a FORTRAN program of 
about 13,000 lines. It is a package program 
whose strongest point is that even people 
ignorant of computer programming can obtain 
output results using it. 
About thirty students of the Department of 
Linguistics, University of Tokyo, have used or 
are using GLAPS to produce crosstables from 
field survey data. (See, for example, Sapporo 
1977 ~, 1978~.) Most of the students had never 
used a computer system before, but just a few 
hours of instruction were sufficient for them to 
understand how to use GLAPS and obtain their 
desired line-printer output. 
2.2 Applicability to Various Data 
GLAPS is applicable to various data, 
whether on fixed format cards, free format cards, 
or binary format disc files, and to any number 
of informants and variables or investigated 
items. 
The author and University of Tokyo 
colleagues have applied GLAPS to data in 
different formats from five field surveys 
(Shizukuishi 197~ I, 197~ 2, Tokunoshima 19763 , 
4 and Sapporo 1977 , 1978 ). Moreover, other 
researchers have used GLAPS to process their own 
dialect data 6. 
2.3 Compatibility with Various Computers 
GLAPS is written in Japanese Industrial 
Standard (JIS) FORTRAN, level 7000, which is 
equivalent to Draft Recommendation FORTRAN of 
International Organization for Standardization 
at its maximum level (ISO Full FORTRAN) or ASA 
FORTRAN. It does not use assembly language and 
so is compatible with virtually all computer 
systems. In fact, GLAPS has been run on nine 
different computers without modification. 
2.4 Flexibility with regard to Data Processing 
To run GLAPS, users simply prepare their 
dialect data and compose a short program written 
in 'GLAPS language'. (There are 75 different 
statements in this so-called language. Some of 
these appear from lines 2 to 75 in Fig. 3.) In 
this program, the user must specify all of the 
functions and operations to be performed. Most 
programs run only 20 to 30 lines, as we shall 
see below. 
GLAPS can perform a variety of functions 
needed for dialect data processing, such as the 
re-categorization of data, the pairing and 
combining of investigated word-forms, the 
deletion of unnecessary data, and the division 
of informants into subgroups by specified 
variables. Thus, GLAPS provides a versatile and 
flexible system for the user. 
2.5 Processability of Multiple Answers 
GLAPS resembles the SPSS (Statistical 
Package for the Social Sciences), originally 
developed at Stanford University. But GLAPS is 
capable of processing multiple answers often 
given to questions about word-form. The user 
simply specifies the number of answers to be 
accomodated in any given variable. GLAPS then 
automatically executes all statements related to 
the data and processes the specified number of 
answers. 
3. An Example of the Application of GLAPS 
As mentioned above, the author has applied 
GLAPS to several field studies. The following 
describes one of these. 
3.1 Field Survey at Shizukuishi in 1974 
In 1974, a team from the Department of 
Linguistics, University of Tokyo conductedan 
intensive investigation to interview all the 
residents of the Nishiyama area of Shizukuishi 
township, lwate prefecture. The team inter- 
viewed 348 of about 500 residents above age 15, 
to examine distribution patterns of word-forms 
and the process of language change within a 
small area. 
--605 
N 
Nish 
2km \[.__ 
Shizukuish: • 
Morioka 
(seat of 
Iwate Pref.) 
Fig. 1 Map of Shizukuish: 
KZN 1011 0413 INF406 2912022 121061251 
810 1011 31 81 2151 C43 3261 61 65 21 52 63 
E35 lOll 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 
G31 lOll og 09 09 09 09 C09 212223C23 
KZN 1012 0413 INF410 1923111 411081135 
810 1012 31 51 51 4481 21 62 02 21 51 12 
E35 1012 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 
G31 1012 09 09 09 09 09 09 22 22 
KZN 1013 0413 INF405 2930022 153062651 
BlO lOl3 31 81 21 4386 0171 C71 65 21 51 63 
E35 I013 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 30 
G31 I013 09 09 09 09 09 09 212223 22 
KZN 1014 0413 INF413 1951041 III092154 
BIO 1014 31 81 21 24 Ol I0 65 21 51 6387 
E35 I014 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 
G31 I014 09 09 09 Ol 09 Ol 22 Ol 
: Fig. 2 Some Data Cards from Shizukuishi 1974 
Fig. 1 is a map of Shizukuishi township, 
which is surrounded by mountains. The dot in the 
center of the map indicates the town of Shizuku- 
ishi, The rectangle at the top of the map 
indicates the Nishiyama area. The map shows the 
six bus routes of the township, equivalent to its 
main roads. In between the two roads at Nishiyama 
area runs a river from north to south. The 
investigated area covers the nine communities of 
Nishiyama, divided naturally into east and west 
by the river. 
3.2 Data Stored in One Disc File 
All the data gathered from interviews was 
coded and punched on 80-column data cards, and 
transfered onto a disc file. Fig. 2 shows some 
of these cards. Four data cards were prepared 
for each informant. The KZN cards contain 
information about an informant's attributes. The 
BIO, E35, and G31 cards include answers about 
language usage. Though three answer fields were 
allowed for each language usage question, most 
1 =GLAPS LASTSO,NFMLST 
2 ********************************************************************* 
3 * * 
4 * Shizukuishi 1974 (Univ. of Tokyo) * 
5 * * 
6 ********************************************************************* 
7 CASES 348 
8 VARIABLES COMMUNITY, INFORMANT-NUMBER.NORTH/SOUTH, EAST/WEST 
g , INTERV I EWER, SEX,AGE,NAT IVE-OR-NOT,OCCUPAT ION, BIRTHPLACE 
lO ,PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME,YEARS-OF-SCHOOLING,YEARS-OUTS IDE-OF-TOWN 
II , FATHER' S-BI RTHPLACE.MOTHER' S-BI RTHPLACE,SPOUSE ' S-BI RTHPLACE 
12 ************ data definitions of "BlO" ************ 
13 VARIABLES CHOPSTICKS(3),SCORCHING(3) ,FLOSS-SILK(3),THREAD(3), ICICLE(3) 
14 ,THI N- ICE (3) ,CHARCOAL-SACK(3) ,SHIBARERU(3). FROSTBITE(3) 
15 ,COWLICK(3) 
16 READ(7,700) ALL 
17 700 FORMAT (4Xoll,2X.II,3X,212,IX,A3,4X,II,15,II,IX,311,12,411 
18 /lOX,10(312,1X)//) 
19 TITLES "**** intensive investigation at Nishiyama ~.h,*. 
20 ," (Shizukuishi° lwate Pref.)" 
21 * 
22 * distribution of informants' communities 
23 * 
24 SIZE 25,45 
25 LOCATION NORTH/SOUTH(SOUTH) , EAST/WEST(WEST ) 
26 PRETITLES "NORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST" 
27 POSTTITLES "SOUTH/WEST SOUTH/EAST" 
28 DELETE INFORMANT-NUMBER(2-9) 
29 NAMES COMMUN ITY (l =Tare) (2=Shinoga~ri) (3=Shinokawara) (4=Hayasa ka) 
30 (5=Hi gashi-Hayasaka) (6=Kami-Shinozaki) 
31 (7=Shimo-Shinozaki) (8=Higashi-Shinozaki) 
32 (9=Nishi-Shinozaki) 
33 SYMBOLS COMMUNITY(I=I )(2=2) (3=3) (4=4) (5=5) (6=6) (7=7) (8=8) (9=9) 
34 ATLAS COMMUNITY 
35 NDELETE 
36 * 
37 * crosstabulations of cowlick by other variables 
38 * 
39 SUBTITLES COWLICK("(the whirl of hair on the head)" 
40 ," // rough classification //") 
41 IGNORE COWLICK(21-33,40-41,59.75,78,81-82,84-88,94-99) 
42 RECODE COWL ICK(I =l -l 6) (34=34,42,44,46-48) (36=35-36,43,49,83,89) 
43 { 50 = 50- 52 ) ( 53 = 53 - 58.77 ) (60 = 60-65,69 - 74) (67=67-68,76) 
44 (90=90-92) 
45 NAMES COWLICK(I =uzumaki ) (34=makizyumonzi (36=makiguri) 
46 (45=ma kibosi ) (50=ma kure) (53=nm kurebosi) (60=maruhosi 
47 (67=ma kurezyumonzi ) (90=tsumuzi) 
48 RECODE AGE (I=I-90404) (2=90404-91404) (3=91404-92404) (4=92404-93404) 
49 ( 5=93404 -94404) (6=94404-95404 ) (7=95404-99999) 
50 NAMES AGE(l=over 70)(2=over 60)(3=over 50)(4=over 40)(5=over 30) 
51 (6=over 20)(7=over 10) 
52 NAMES NATIVE-OR-NOT (l=nat ive) (2=non-native) 
53 NAMES PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME (1=nagayama) (2=nishlne) (3=etc.) 
54 CROSSTABS (NATI VE-OR-NOT,AGE,COMMUN ITY. PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME) ,COWLICK 
55 * 
56 * linguistic maps of cowlick (grouped by infoI~ants' age) 
57 * 58 SYMBOLS COWLICK(I=@) (34=+) (36=G) (45=*) (50=X) (S3=W) (60=0) (67=H) (90=C) 
59 CONTROL AGE 
60 ATLAS COWLICK 
61 CONTROL 
62 * 
63 * glottograms of both sides of the river 
64 * 
65 SIZE 25,64 
66 RESTORE AGE 
67 LOCATION NORTH/SOUTH(SOUTH) ,AGE(WEST) 
68 PRETITLES "NORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD" 
69 POSTI'ITLES "SOUTH/YOUNG SOUTH/OLD" 
70 RECODE COMMUN ITY (I=I-5) (6=6-9) 
71 NAMES COMMUN ITY (l=east-side) (6=west- side) 
' 72 CONTROL COMMUNITY 
73 ATLAS COWLICK 
74 CONTROL COMMUNITY,NATIVE-OR-NOT 
75 ATLAS COWLICK 
76 =END 
Fig. 3 User's Program for Analysis of 'Cowlick' 
informants gave only one or two answers to a 
question. Thus, on the BI0 card of informant 
I011, there are only twelve answers for the 
thirty possible answer fields. 
3.3 User's Program and Output Results 
Fig. 3 is a sample program, using GLAPS 
language, for analysis of the item 'cowlick' 
(the whirl of hair on the head). This figure is 
a fairly large program derived from many smaller 
programs which were used to analyze 'cowlick' 
trial and error. 
'=GLAPS' of line 1 is the top line of the 
program, and '=END' of line 76 indicates the end 
of the program. The lines starting with '*' are 
comment lines which the GLAPS processor ignores, 
--606-- 
and so any useful notes or references can be 
entered here. 
The CASES statement of line 7 denotes the 
number of informants, here 348. The VARIABLES 
statement is from line 8 to ii. If a line 
starts with a space (such as lines 9, I0, and 
Ii), it means the line continues from the 
previous one. Names of different variables are 
listed in VARIABLES statements. Any words, 
letters, and symbols except ',', '=', '(', and 
')' can be used for variable names. Unlike 
FORTRAN or COBOL, the length of variable names 
is not restricted. Lines 13 to 15 is another 
VARIABLES statement. But in this statement, a 
parenthesized three (3) follows every variable 
name. This means that these variables have 
three answer fields, that is, room for three 
different multiple answers to each question. 
The CASES and the VARIABLES (and the FO~AT of 
lines 17 and 18) are non-executable statements. 
The READ statement of line 16 orders GLAPS 
to read ALL variables (defined by the VARIABLES 
statements) from input device number '7' using 
FORMAT statement labeled'700. Input device 
numbers like this are associated with data files 
outside a program. The number '7' here refers 
to the data file of Fig. 2. The FORMAT statement 
of lines 17 and 18 specifies data format. This 
is similar to the standard FORMAT statement of 
FORTRAN. 
The TITLES statement of lines 19 and 20 
gives the title of the output results, in this 
case, two lines in length. The title can be 
revised by means of a different TITLES statement 
if needed. 
3.3.1 Map of Investigated Houses. The 
purpose of lines 21 to 35 is the production of a 
map showing the distribution pattern of the nine 
communities as well as informants' houses. The 
SIZE statement of line 24 indicates that the map 
size is 25 lines by 45 columns. The LOCATION 
statement of line 25 indicates which variables 
to use for location decisions. In this case, 
they are NORTH/SOUTH and EAST/WEST. The 
PRETITLES statement of line 26 and the POSTTITLES 
statement of line 27 indicate the character 
strings to be printed at the top and the bottom 
of the map, respectively. The DELETE statement 
of line 28 deletes informants with informant- 
numbers from 2 to 9, that is, it selects the 
first informant from each family. 
The NAMES statement of lines 29 to 32 
identifies the meaning of numbers used in the 
coded data. For example, the code number l of 
line 29 indicates 'Tate', and so on. The SYMBOLS 
statement of line 33 assigns symbols (including 
numbers, as in this case) for the numbers of the 
data code, for the purpose of mapping the data. 
This allows for much greater flexibility of 
design. The ATLAS statement of line 34 is an 
)K*** iatenaive investigation at Hlahi~ama **** (5hizukulahl, 
lwate Pre£.) 
Illl II 
COMMUNITY 
IIIIIIIll 
NORTH/L JEST MORTH/EAST 
÷ ............................................. ÷ 
I 1 I 
I 6 I 1 1 I 
I 66 11 22 2 I 
I 3 I 
I 6 G B 3 33 I 
I 66 66 8 3 3 332I 
I 68 8 3 3 I 
I 66 3 I 
I 9 8 3 3 I I g 8 33 I 
1999 7 33 3 I 
I ? 3 I I 9 I 
I I I @ 9 7 4 3 I 
I 9 4 I 
I 9 ' 4 I I 97 I 
I 9 4 S I I g 9 77 5 55 
I 
I 4 $5 I I 5 I 
I 4 5 5~ I I 4 4 S 
I 
I 4 8 I + + 
SOUTH/WEST MO 
OF CASES ° 
1 6) 
2 4) 
3 20) 4 9) 
5 12) 6 12) 
7 6) 8 6) 
9 14) 
89 
Tats 
5hlno~amorl 5hlno~arawa 
Ha~asaka Hlga~hl-Haymaaxm 
Kamt-Shlnozmki 
Shimo-Shlnozmkl 
Higashi-Shinozakl 
Hlahl-Shinozakl 
SOUTH/EAST 
Fig. 4 
X*** lntenaive investigation at Hlahi~ama **** (Shl=ukuiahi, lwete Pre£,) 
ii iiiiiiiiii!11 Iii11111111 II IIII III IIIIIIll 
CROSSTABULATIOH OF NATIVE-OR-HOT BY COWLICK 
iiiiiiiitlllllll IIIlllllllllll III Ililllll II 
COWLICK (the whirr o£ hair on the head) 
// rough c~aasltlca~ion // 
HATIVE-OR-HOT 
COUNT I 1 34 36 45 50 53 60 67 90 ROW PERCEHT I uzumakl meklz~m meklgurl maklboal makuta mmkurmbo maruhoal makuraz W taumuzl 
COLUMN PERCEHT I onzi ai umonzi .................. I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
I I 41 I 8 I ? I 1 1 12 1 15 I 64 I 4 1 20 I 
native I 23.84 I 4,BS I 4.07 I 0.58 I 6.98 I 8.72 I 37,21 I 2,33 I 11.63 I I 68,33 I 47,06 I 87,$0 I 33.33 I 86.67 I S7.69 I 56.14 I 80,00 I 83,33 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 2 1 ig I 9 I I I 2 I 6 1 II I 80 I I I 4 I 
non-natlve I 18.46 1 8.74 I 0.97 I i.g4-1 S,B3 I 10,68 I 48,54 1 0,9? I 3,88 1 I 31.67 I 52.94 I 16.50 I 66.67 I 33 33 I 42.31 I 43.86 I 20 00 I 16.67 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I --~" ..... I ........ I ........ I 
COLUMN 60 17 8 3 12 26 114 5 24 TOTAL E1.82 6.18 2,91 1 09 6,56 g.45 41.45 1,22 8.73 
ROW 
TOTAL 
172 6~.88 
1~3 37.4~ 
8?S 
HO OF CASES • 348 
Fig. 5 
--607 
***S intensive investlgatio~ a~ Niahi~ama **S* 
(Shizukuishi, iwa~e ~re£,; 
• ml a•emm• • •mi•mmmmmlm• • • • • • mm • i•m 
CR05STABULATIOH OF AGE BY COWLICK 
mememmemmmmmmmmmmmmmmemmml•mmmmmm 
COWLICK (the whirl of 
hair on the head) 
// rough otasaitAcation // 
AGE 
COUNT I I 34 36 45 ROW PERCENT I 
uzumaki makiz~um makigurl makibosl 
COLUMN PERCENT I onzi 
50 53 60 67 90 makure makurebo maruhoat 
makurazg tsumuzi ROW 
al umonzi TOTAL 
.................. I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 11 2 I 6 i 5 I 0 I 0 I 8 I 4I 0 I 0 I 19 
over 70 I 10.53 I 31.58 I 26.3@ I 0~ I 0 I 10.53 I 01.05 I 0, I 0. I 6.91 
I 3.33 I 35.89 I 62,50 I 0. I 0. I 7.69 I 3,51 I 0. I 0. I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
@ I ? I 7 I 11 2 I 11 2 I 10 I 0 I 11 31 
over 60 I 22.58 I @8.58 I 3.23 I 8.45 I 3 23 I 6 45 I 32.86 I 0. I 3.e3 I 11.27 
I 11.67 I 41.18 I 12.50 I 66 67 I 5.56 I 7 69 I 8,7? I 0. I 4.17 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ i ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
3 I 9 I 3 I 0 I 0 I 5 I 4 I 15 I 0 I I I 3? 
over 50 I 24.32 I 8,11 I 0. I 0. I 13.51 I 10 81 I 40.54 I 0. I 2.?0 I 13,45 I 15.00 I 17.65 I 0, I 0, I 27.78 I 15.38 I 13.16 I 0. I 4,17 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
4 I ie I I I 2 I 1 I 10 I 11 I 31 I 3 I I I ?2 
over 40 I 16,67 I 1,39 I 2,78 I 1.39 I 13.89 I 15,28 I 43,06 I 4.17 I 1,39 I 26,18 I 20.00 I 5.88 I 25.00 I 33.33 I 55,56 I 42,31 I 27,19 I 60.00 I 4.17 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
5 I 9 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 2 I ? I 23 I I I I I 43 
over 30 I 20.93 I 0. I 0. I 0, I 4 65 I 16.28 I 83.49 I 2.33 I 2.33 I 15,64 
I 15.00 I 0. I 0. I 0, I 11 11 I 26.92 I 20.16 I 20.00 I 4.17 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 6 I t0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 211 11 15 I 47 
over 20 I 21.28 I 0. I 0. I 0. I 0 I 0 I 44.68 I 2.13 1 31.911 17.09 I 16,67 I 0, I 0. I 0. I 0, I 0 I 18,42 I 20,00 I 62.60 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
7 I II I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 10 I 0 I 5 I 26 over 10 I 42.31 I 0. I 0 I 0. I 0, I 0. I 38.46 I 0. I 19.23 I 9.45 
I 18,33 I 0. I 0, I 0, I 0. I 0. I 8.77 I 0. I e0,83 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
COLUMN 60 17 B 3 18 26 114 6 84 275 TOTAL 21,08 6.18 2,91 1,09 6.55 9,45 4145 1180 6,73 
NO OF CASE5 . 348 Fig. 6 
Z%~ intensive investigation at Nlshl~ama ~*% (Shlzukuiahl, 
lwate Pref.) 
mmmm= • wmmm mm mmwewmmetmmmm.mwmmmmmeemmm• 
CR055TABULATIOH OF COMMUHITY BY COWLICK 
• meem•mmem•mmememm mmememmi•e•mm mmmlmonm 
COWLICK 
(the whirl or halt on the head) 
// rough ¢lassiflcation // 
COMMUNITV 
COUHT I 1 34 36 45 50 53 60 , 67 90 
ROW PERCENT I uzumaki maklz~um maklgurl makiboai makure makurebo maruhoai makurazg t=umuzi ROW 
COLUMN PERCEHT I onzi sl umonzi TOTAL 
.................. I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
11 4 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 8 I 11 g I 0 I @ I 18 
Tare I 22.2@ I 0. I 0 I 0, I 11.11 I S.56 I 50.00 I 0, I 11.11 I 6,58 I 6,67 I 0. I 0. I 0. 
I 11.11 I 3.85 I 7.89 I 0. I 8.33 I 
--~ ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
2 I 3 I 11 0I 0 I 1I 3 I g I 0I 1I 18 Shinogamori I 16.67 I 5.56 I 0. I 0 I 5.56 I 16.67 I 50.00 I 0, I 5.56 I 6.58 
I 8,00 I 5.88 I 0. I 0, I 5,56 I 11,54 I 7.89 I 0. I 4.17 1 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
3 I ~0 I g I I I 2 I 2 I 10 I 14 I I I 6 1 65 Shinokarawe 
I 30.77 I 13.85 I 1.54 I 3.08 I 3.08 I 15.38 I 21,54 I 1.54 I 9.@3 I 23.64 
i 33.33 I 52.94 I 12.50 I 66.67 I 11.11 I 38.46 I 1@,28 i 20.00 I 25.00 I 
--i ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
4 1 8 I 11 0 I 0 1 3 I 8 I 6 I 4 I 2 I 86 
Hay@sake I 30.77 I 3.85 I 0, I 0. I 1154 I ?.69 I 23.08 1 15.38 1 7.69 I 9.48 
I 13.33 I 5,88 I 0, I 0. I 16.67 I ?.69 I 5.26 I 80.00 I 8.33 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ...... --I 
5 I 5 I 6 I 0 I 0 I 3 I 8 I 10 I 0 I 4 I 36 HAg@@hi-Haw@sake I 13.89 I 16.6? I 0 r I 0 I 8,33 I @2,62 I 2798 I 0. I 11.111 13.09 
I 8.33 I 35,29 I 0 I 0. I 16 67 1 30,?7 I 8 77 I 0. I 16.67 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ 
6 I 13 I 0 I I I 0 I 3 I 11 18 I 0 I 4 I 40 
Kami-Shinozaki I 32,50 I 0. I 2 50 I 0, I 7.50 I @.50 I 45 00 I 0. I 10.00 I 14,5~ 
I 21,6? I 0, I I@.50 I 0, I 16.67 I 3.85 I 15 79 I 0. I 16,67 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ ? I 2 I 0 I 2 I 11 0 I 0 I 13 I 0 I @ I 20 
5himo-Shinozaki I 10,00 I 0. I 10.00 I 5 00 I 0. I 0, I 65.00 I 0. I 10.00 I 7.87 
I 3.33 1 0. I 25.00 1 33 33 I 0, I 0. I 11.40 1 0 I 8.33 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
81 1I 01 0I 0I @I 01 gI 0I 11 13 
Hlgashl-Shlnozskl I 7.6g I 0. I 0. I 0 I 15,38 I 0, I 69.23 I 0. I 7.69 I 4.73 I 1.67 I 0. I 0. I 0. I 11.111 0, I 7,89 I 0, I 4.1? I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 9 1 4 I 
0 I 4 1 0 I 2 I 11 26 I 0 I @ I 39 
HI@hi-Shine=ski I 10.26 I 0. I 10.26 I 0. I 5.13 I 8.86 I 66.67 I 0. I 5,13 I 14.18 I 6.6? I 0. I 50.00 I 0. I 11,111 3.85 I 02.811 0, I 8,33 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ ~ ........ I COLUMN 60 17 8 3 18 @6 114 S 24 2?5 
TOTAL 21.60 6 18 2,91 1 09 6,55 9.45 41.45 1 82 8.73 
HO OF CASES - 348 Fig. 7 
--608-- 
**** intensive Inveatigatlo. at Hiahi~ama X~XX 
(ghlzukuishi, Iwa~e P~ef,) illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllilllllllllll 
CROggTABULATION OF PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME BY COWLICK iiiiiillllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 
COWLICK 
(the whl~l of hair on ~e head) 
// rough ctaaaiflcatlon'// PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME 
COUNT I I 34 36 45 
ROW PERCENT I uzumaki maklz~um makiguri maklboal COLUMN PERCENT I on:l 
nlshinl 
etc. 
HO OF CAGES • 
gO 53 60 67 00 makure makurebo maruhoai makurez W tsumuzl ROW 
ai umonzl TOTAL 
.................. I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
i I 30 I 12 I a I I I $a I 18 I 23 I 4 I 12 I 114 
nagayama I 26.32 I 10.53 I 1,70 I 0.88 I 10,03 I 15.79 I 20.18 I 3.01 I 10.S3 I 41,46 
I 5@.00 I 70.59 I 20.00 I 33.33 I 66.67 I 62.23 I 20.18 ! 80.00 I 50,00 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
2 I 20 I e I $ I 2 I 5 I 7 I 62 I 0 I 10 I I13 I 17.70 I 1.77 I 4,4a I I 77 I 4.42 I 6.1g I s4.87 1 0. I 8.8g I 41,09 
I 33,33 I 11,76 I 62,50 I 66.67 I 27.78 I 26.92 I 54.39 X @, I 41.67 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I 
3 I 10 I 3 I I I 0 I i I 1 I 20 I I I a I 48 I 20,83 I 6,25 I 2.08 I 0. I 2.08 i 2,08 I 60.42 I a,08 I 4.17 I 17,45 
I 16.67 I 17.60 I 12.00 I 0, ! 5,06 I 3,80 I 20.44 I 20,00 I 8.33 I 
--I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I ........ I COLUMN 60 17 8 3 18 26 114 5 24 276 
TOTAL 21 ,Sa 6.18 2.91 I ,09 6.06 9,45 41.45 1,82 8.73 
348 
Fig, 8 
instruction for the output of a map. 
Fig. 4 is the output result of this ATLAS 
statement. This figure shows, the distribution 
of the nine communities, plotting the locations 
of all informants' houses. 
The NDELETE statement of line 35 of Fig. 3 
cancels the effect of the DELETE statement of 
line 28, that is, the GLAPS processor begins to 
treat all the informants hereafter. 
3.3.2 Crosstables. Lines 36 to 54 are for 
the production of crosstables. This is the 
first of three steps in our analysis of 'cowlick'. 
The SUBTITLES statement of lines 39 and 40 
gives a more detailed explanation of the meaning 
of a variable --in this case, COWLICK. The 
IGNORE statement of line 41 orders that those 
data codes for COWLICK indicated on this line be 
ignored. 
The RECODE statement of lines 42 to 44 is 
for re-categorization. In the original dialect 
data, informants' answers were coded separately 
from other variants. But by using this RECODE 
statement, a new code is substituted for the 
original and a variety of codes put together. 
The NAMES statement of lines 45 to 47 associates 
the new code numbers with specific word-forms. 
Lines 48 to 51 contain another pair of 
RECODE and NAMES statements. Originally an 
informant's age was coded using a five-digit 
system. If an informant were born in Feburuary 
1941, for example, his code was 94102. Someone 
born in August of 1896 was coded 89608. Lines 
48 to 51 classify all the varieties of informants' 
age into seven groups. The CROSSTABS statement 
of line 54 means 
CROSSTABS NATIVE-OR-NOT,COWLICK 
CROSSTABS AGE,COWLICK 
CROSSTABS COMMUNITY,COWLICK 
CROSSTABS PRIMARY-SCHOOL-NAME,COWLICK 
and produces four crosstables. 
Figs. 5 to 8 are the output results of this 
CROSSTABS statement. According to Fig. 5, no 
great difference exists between native and non- 
native informants. Note that all these word- 
forms are used by native speakers as well as 
non-native speakers. This means that even word- 
forms borrowed from outside have a strong 
foundation in this area now. 
Fig. 6 shows differences by age-group. 
'Uzumaki' and 'maruhosi' are used by all age- 
groups. But, primarily older groups use 
'makizyumonzi', 'makiguri', younger groups use 
'tsumuzi', and middle-age groups 'makure', 
'makurebosi', and 'makurezyumonzi'. 
Fig. 7 shows differences by community. For 
example, 'makizyumonzi' and 'makurebosi' are 
more common in 'Shinokawara' and 'Higashi- 
Hayasaka', and so on. 
In Fig. 8, 'Nagayama' Primary School can be 
regarded as equivalent to the east side of the 
river and 'Nishine' to the west side. 
These figures reveal that each word-form 
has its own distribution pattern. 
3.3.3 Linguistic Maps~ There are two ways 
to examine the combined influence of age and 
geography on the word cowlick: by linguistic 
maps and by glottograms. Lines 55 to 61 of Fig. 
3 are instructions for producing linguistic maps 
classified by age. 
The CONTROL statement of line 59 instructs 
GLAPS to divide informants into subgroups by AGE 
and to print out maps for every age group. 
Since AGE was receded into seven categories on 
lines 48 to 51, seven maps of COWLICK--Figs. 9 
to IS --are produced by the single ATLAS 
statement of line 60. 
Fig. 9 is for persons over 70, Fig. i0 for 
persons over 60, and so on. Fig. 9 shows a 
clear contrast between east and west. The 
eastern part uses 'makizyumonzi' whereas the 
western part 'makiguri'. These seven maps show 
a great difference between east and west. This 
suggests that glottograms of both sides of the 
--609-- 
*t** intensive i.~vestlga_tlo.~ at Ntahigmma **** 
(ShizuKuiahi, Zwa~e ~raf.) 
i• ii 
COWLICK 
Iiiii 
(the whirl of hair on ~he head) 
// rough classification I/ 
COHTROL • AGE 
VALUE , over 70 
HORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST ÷ 4. 
I ! I I 
I O W I 
I G I 
I I 
I G I I I 
I I I 
+ +0 I 
I I 
I Q ! I I 
I P- I 
I I I 0 0 I 
I I 
I I I I 
! I 
I OO + I 
I +gW I I I 
I + I I + I 
I I ÷ ............................................. ÷ 
SOUTH/WEST SOUTH/EAST 
HO OF CASES n 2B 
O ( ~-) uzumaki 
+ ( 6) makiz~umonz i 
G (S) mskiguri 
W ( 3) makurebosl 
0 ( 4 ) maruhosl Fig. 9 
**** intensive i.nvestigs~io, e~ Hlah.tysma **** (ShizuRulshl, lwa~e 
t~re|l J 
emooloa 
COWLICK 
us•lain 
(the whirl o£ hair on the head) 
// rough classification // 
COHTROL - AGE 
VALUE - over SO NORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST 
I 0 I 
I 0 I 
I + I 
I 0 I I 0 
O0 0 I 
I × W* ++ I I 0 ++C I 
I Og I 
I ÷ I 
I I I 
g g I 
I e I 
I I 
I I I O0 I 
I I I 
GW I 
I I 
I I 
I * I I 0 I 
I + I I S I 
I I I I 
÷ ............................................. ÷ 
SOUTH/WEST 
HO OF CASES • 
e 7) 
+ 7) 
G 1) • 2) 
X %) 
U 3) 
0 le) 
C 1) 
3S 
uzumaki 
makiz~umonzi 
makiguri makibosi 
makuta 
makurabosl meruhoai 
tsumuzl 
SOUTH/EAST 
Fig. I0 
**** intensive i.~veatlga_tion at Nlshl~ama *Z** (ShlzuKulshl, lws~e 
,rat. ) 
inmmmm• 
COWLICK 
•m•lu•m 
(the whirl of hair on the head) 
// rough classification // 
CONTROL - AGE 
VALUE • over SO 
NORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST 
÷ ............................................. ÷ 
I 0 ! 
I 0 00 I I 
eX X I 
I I 
I 0 g ! I O0 0 I 
I 0 OX I 
I I I I 
I 0 + I 
I 0 e I 
I 0 0 I 
I XO I 
I I I 0 @0 I 
I W I 
I I I I 
I I I @ eCW I 
I I I X+ I 
I O+ I I 0 I 
I U I 
+ ........... .-.. .............................. ÷ 
SOUTH/WEST SOUTH/EAST HO OF CASES 
l 4e 
@ g) uzumaki 
+ 3) makiz~umonzl 
X S) makuta 
W 4 ) makureboa i 
0 IS) maruhosi C 1) tsumuzi Fig. 11 
**** intensive I nvestlgatlon at Hi shlysma **XX (ShlzuKulahl, Iwa~e ~rel~ ; 
emma • 
COWLICK 
(the whirl ot hair on the head) // rough classification // 
CONTROL - AGE 
VALUE - over 40 
HORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST 
÷ ............................................. + 
I U I I 0 QX I 
I 0 XO UO 0 I 
I I I o 0 Oe I 
l eoeooo o u uI 
I ex , |Qo I I 
eO I 
I 0 XO +W I 
I XO e I 
IQO O0 WW WW I 
I I 
I I 
I I I O0 O0 CXH I 
I X ! I HH I 
I G I 
I eO X OX I I I 
I 0 I 
I I 
I @ W I I 
e W I 
I OX I 
+ .............................................. ÷ 
SOUTH/WEST 
NO OF CASES - 
0 12) 
+ 1) 
G 2) 
* 1) 
X le) 
W %1) 
0 31) 
H 3) C I) 
7g 
uzumaki 
maklzyumonzl makiguri 
makibosi makure 
makuraboai 
maruhosi 
makurez~umonzi 
t~umuzi 
SOUTH/EAST 
Fig. 12 
--610-- 
~XXX Intenalve investigation e~ Hishlgama ~ 
(Shizukuishi, Iwate Prof.) 
I I II 
COWLICK 
• mm •m 
(the whirl of heir on the head) // rou~fh classification // 
CONTROL • AQE 
VALUE , over 30 
NORTH/WEST NORTH/EAST 
÷ ............................................. + 
I I 
I I I IOCX 0 I 
I I I O0 0 I 
I 0 % I 
I I I 0 HW I 
I 0 I 
I 6 UO I 
I 0 I 
I O0 g I 
I 0 I 
I I I Wg I 
I I I @SO I 
I 0 I 
I I 
I 0 O0 0 I 
I Qauw I 
I OX I 
I OUO I I OW I 
I I 
÷ ............................... . ............. + 
SOUTH/VEST SOUTH/EAST NO 
OF CASES - ~I 
@ 9) uzumskl X 2) makure 
W 7) makurebosi 
0 23) maruhosi 
H 1 ) makurezgumonzt 
C I) t~u~uz i Fig. 13 
XX$~ intensive investigation et Hlshlgoma X~ (Shizukulahl, Iwate 
Prof.) 
lllllll 
COULICK 
(the whirl o£ hair on the head) 
// rough classification // 
CONTROL • AGE 
VALUE • over 10 HORTH/UEST NORTH/EAST 
+ ............................................. + 
I I I @Q 
C g I 
I % QOQ 0 I I I 
I 0 I 
I @ I I @ 0 I 
I C I I O0 I 
I I IO0 @ I 
I C I I I 
I I I % I 
I C I I I 
I C I I I 
I I I 0 g I 
I I I 0 I 
I I 
I I 
÷ ............................................. ÷ 
SOUTH/WEST SOUTH/EAST HO OF CASES - SS 
Q ( 11) uzumaki 0 ( 10) maruhosi 
C ( S) tsumuzi 
Fig. 15 
3KX~Z intensive lnvee~lga~lon a~ Nlshlgema ~K~KX~ 
(Shizukulahl. Iwate ~ref:) 
atom • • .e 
COVLICK 
IIII I II 
(the whir\[ of hair on the head) 
// rough classification // 
CONTROL - AGE 
VALUE - over 20 
NORTH/VEST NORTH/EAST 
÷ ..--" ....................... . .................. + 
I C I 
I 000 0 , I 
I 0 OOC ! 
I I 
I C Cg I 
I 0 C OI I g C I 
I 0 I I gC I 
I g I 
I C C I 
I Q I I I 
I I I OC O0 0 I 
I H I 
I I I 0 I 
I 0 I I 0 0 CO CO I 
I I I I 
I fl C I I Qg I 
I C80% 0 I + + ............................................. 
SOUTH/VEST SOUTH/EAST NO OF CASES • 60 
@ ( 10) uzumakl 0 
( 21) maruhosl 
H ( I ) mokurezyumonz I 
C ( IS) taumuzl 
Fig. 14 
river might be revealing. 
The CONTROL statement of line 61 of Fig. 3 
erases the effect of the CONTROL AGE statement 
of line 59. 
3.3.4 Glottograms. Lines 62 to 75 of Fig. 
3 contain instructions for producing glottograms. 
The SIZE statement of line 65 changes the 
map size to 25 lines by 64 columns. The RESTORE 
statement of line 66 orders the restoration of 
original data, in this case AGE data. Hereafter, 
codes for AGE are not from 1 to 7 but are five 
digits as in the original. 
The LOCATION statement of line 67 employs 
AGE and geography to make glottograms. The 
RECODE, NAMES, and CONTROL statements of lines 
70 to 72 divide the investigated area into east 
and west. The ATLAS statement of line 73 orders 
two glottograms for the variable COWLICK, shown 
in Figs. 16 and 17. Since the CONTROL state- 
ment of line 74 specifies two variables, the 
ATLAS statement of line 75 produces four 
glottograms, that is, Figs. 18 to 21. 
Figs. 18 and 19 plot the data of Fig. 16 
(east side) according to whether informants are 
native or non-native, respectively. In Fig. 18, 
'maruhosi' (symbol O) is used by only younger 
informants. However, in Fig. 19, it is widely 
used by all generations. This means that 
'maruhosi' was brought into the east by non- 
native speakers and that young native speakers 
only recently began to use it. "Maruhosi' is 
thus a fairly new word-form in this area. 
--611-- 
$~\]~ Intensive Investigation ut Nlshl~lme $$*X 
(Sh£sukulahl. !wet, a Pro(.) 
COWLICK 
(the whirl of hair on the head) // rough 
classification // 
CONTROL * CONMUNI TY 
UALUE • eas~-alde 
HORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD .................................................................. 
C g 0 il 
IC O 000 0 S! il O 0 
O Oil 0 OCO0 O U OIO X + gil 
e o 
il C 0 Oil O 
0 I U UO O ++~ g 
0 ililOl IX ++¢ 
HU 
O O O e +XU O + 0 + + 
leO U il + 
C C gU W il I C il il 0 I 
I Ul CHX S il 0 H U 
% H H 
! 0 OX X C C O IC U 
+ I 
! I O U US|O 0 ÷eu xO X+ + ! 
I O ilC 0 U O SU 0 O + I + el 0 u I U ÷ I 
ooecil ox u .................................................................. 
SOUTH/YOUNG SOUTH/OLD 
NO OF OASES • a08 
I 40) uzumakl 171 mak~z~umonsl 
1) maklgurl Z a) makl~oal 
X 11) makuro 
g ~4\] eakurabosI O 48) maruhosl 
H S) makurez~umonzl Fig 16 C IS) ~lumusl 
$I~% lntInalva Investigation It Hlahluoma tX%Z 
(ShLzuku/sh/, IwutI PrIf.) elmle•= 
COUL!CK ==.==mw 
(the whirl Of hair on ~he held) 
// rough ¢la6llrlcatlon // CONTROL • CORRUHITY 
VALUE • uoe~-alde NORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD 
................................................................ 
lie 0 I O el 0 IX 
0 C O0 O O IJ O CO0 I C 0 O oleo $0 O O X 
il C e ilX | C 0 0 O0 OI 
O0 
XO 0 
O IO O O eGO O0 O 
O0 0 0 xo 
O000C 0000 O 0 
O X Oils! GU 
O 0 0 O ilO 
C O0 O O0 0 il 
G 
O 
IG 
G 
0 0 
$ 0 GI 
SOUTH/YOUHG SOUTH/OLD 
NO OF CASES o 140 
I ~0) uzumak/ G ?) maklgurL 
I 1) maklboll 
X ?) makers 
U ~) makurebosl 
0 66) muruhoal Fig. 17 C g) tsumuzl 
Figs. 20 and 21 plot the same native/non- 
native information for Fig. 17 (west side). In 
the west side glottograms, 'maruhosi' is quite 
evenly distributed among natives and non-natives. 
Even older native informants use 'maruhosi', 
meaning that 'maruhosi' took root earlier in the 
west than in the east. 
3.4 Interpretation of the Results 
$*** Intensive tnvas~Igatlon sE Nlihl~amm X~$~ ($hlsukulshl, Iwate 
Prof.) ==*•me= 
COUL!OK emaae•e 
\[the ~hlrL of hair on the head) /I rough ClaSsification t/ 
CONTROL I ° COMMUNITY 
VALUE • east-side 
COHTROL 2 • HATZVE-OR-NOT 
VALUE • native NORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD 
+ + ................................................................ 
l O U I I I 
lC O O0 Ix O I 
Iil Oil 0 COO X X I ! O % 
I C I .! I 
il +x % I 0 I Ix +C I 
I H I 
I OOC I +X ÷+ % 
l ilO U + % I C UW U O % 
I OI t l 
I ! I I 
I il OH I l 
I H g l I H l 
I I 
! X ! 
I C C % I I O Uil 0 IU I 
I x + ! l O il W IW I 
I e Q U + l I 
DOlCe OX U I + ÷ 
SOUTH/YOUNG SOUTH/OLD 
NO OF CASES • 1~1 
O 25) uzumakl + 8) maklzgumonzl 
G 1) maktgurL Z 1) eskl~oal 
X 8) eekuro 
g 13) makurobosl O 
1?) meruhoal 
H 4) makureswueoazl C 12) taumus~ Fig. 18 
~/*IX Intensive lnvoat,l.gat.lon mL NLahluama Z~$% 
(Shtzukulsht, %wile Prof.) 
COULICK miiimmm 
(the whirl of hair on the head) 
// rough ctasslflca~,Lon // CONTROL i • COMMUNITY 
VALUE • last-side 
CONTROL a * NATIVE-OR-HOT 
VALUE - non-native 
NORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD ÷ ................................................................. 
! 0 
0 0 0 0 
O O U OO0 + LJ l | 
l O 0 O 0 
U UO 0 ÷ U 
SO* ÷ 
U U O + O 
il il C U I 
| 0 
We X I 0 
H 
0 0 X 
C 0 l U ++ 
U I 0 ! 
0 X + 
C e o O 0 e o o+ S + ! 
÷ ................................................................. 
SOUTH/YOUNG SOUTH/OLD 
NO OF CASES • 87 
e 1s ) uIumukl 
÷ g) mlki=~ueonl I 
• 1) emkAbosA, 
X 3) makuta U 11 ) mekureboaI 
0 31 ) aaruhoal 
H l) mukurozwumonl I Fig. 19 C 3 ) tsumu# l " 
Though a detailed discussion of these 
figures must be omitted here, Figs. 18 to 21 
suggest the changes in terminology used for 
'cowlick' in this area as Fig. 22. 
Both 'uzumaki' and 'maruhosi' are widely 
used in the town of Shizukuishi (Shizukuishi 
1973). Past research has shown that new 
--'612-- 
tXt~ J.nt,ena.l, ve lnvest,lgst,J.on st, Hlehiue=s tZ~: tSh~xukulah~., 
Z~e~e Prof.) • ••o • 
COULtCK • o •• • 
(t, he uhirt of huAr on the hoed} 
// rough ctusaifAcst,~on // 
CONTROL I • COMMUHITY 
VALUE • west.-s~de 
CONTROL i~ • NATIVE-OR-NOT 
VALUE • .at,lye 
HORTN/YOUNG I~ORTH/OLD 4" ................................................................ ÷ 
! ! 
I eo 0 I I 
II C I 
l ' I I o c DO o i~ o o I 
I O C 0 0 0000 0 0 X G I I S I! IX o I 
I C 0 O II ! 
l O0 I ! 
xo 0 I I 
0 tO 0 000 0 0 JIG I 
! 0 I ! 0 
0 G I 
! I OOC 000 0 0 0 0 ! 
0 O,l 00 \[ 
C 0 0 I 
gO I ! 
C 0 O0 0 S GI I I 
t I I I 
1 I 
I I + ................................................................ + 
$OUTH/VOUP{G SOUTH/OLD HO OF CASES • LOS 
(I t6) uzumakA 
Q 6) muk~.gur 1 
X 4} eukure 
Q 2) HkureboaA 
0 47) msruhosA Fig. 20 
C 8) ~JumusX 
tZtZ J.~,oneLve Lnveat,J.gst,Lon eL. NJ.eklVen t=l~ 
($kisukulah/. |wt~.o Pro(. ) eel • • 
¢OQLICK •••~ele 
(t,he whirl of hear on t,he hoed) 
// rough ctassLf~cet,ion // 
CONTROL I • CO~ffUN\[TY 
VALUE . weet,-side 
CONTROL 2 ° HATIVE-OR-NOT 
VALUE - no,-ne~.lve 
HORTH/YOUNG NORTH/OLD ...................... . ......................................... ..(. 
! 
z o xo o ix ! 
I 
0 o 0 I 
| O ! C | ! 
I O0 0 ! ! 
! 
G 0 I 
o o ! x I 
! 
O0 0 I ! 
I 0 ! 
I so z o ! 
! 
z z i 
1 ! ! 
................................................................. 4' 
SOUTH/YOUN P. SOUTH/OLD 
HO OF CASES - 35 
| 4) uzumski 
G ! ) mekJ.gur L 
t 1 ) HklEosL 
X 3) makuta 
0 19) maruhoel Fig. 21 
C 1 ) Lsumuz ; 
West side 
makiguri --~maruhosi --~uzumaki -~tsumuzi 
East side 
makizyumonzi~-~makure~--~makurebosi 
~makSurezyumonz i 
L~uzumaki--~maruhosi--~ tsumuzi 
Fig. 22 Changes in 'Cowlick' in Nishiyama Area 
terminology generally moves outward from prestige 
areas. In the case of 'uzumaki' and 'maruhosi', 
the prestige area is the town of Shizukuishi; in 
the case of 'tsumuzi', it is Tokyo. (Note that 
'tsumuzi' is the word for cowlick in standard 
Japanese.) 
This process of language change in even a 
small area was thus readily revealed by GLAPS 
analysis. 
4. Conclusion 
GLAPS is a convenient system easily 
accessible to dialectologists. Moreover, GLAPS 
may help create a new field of 'sociolinguistic 
geography'. Including sociolinguistic variables 
in linguistic geography research will enable us 
to gain a more sophisticated understanding of 
dialect distribution patterns. 
In the past, dialectologists made no use of 
computer facilities. Recent dialect research 
teams, however, especially those involved with 
sociolinguistic field surveys, have found 
computers to be useful and efficient. GLAPS is 
meant as an aid for researchers who are 
professionals in field linguistics but amateurs 
in computer programming. 
In the humanities, generally, a package 
program like GLAPS could play an important role. 
Japan, at least, is backward in training persons 
in the humanities in computer programming. As 
far as the author knows, Japan is also backward 
in the development of convenient program packages 
for humanists. GLAPS might help promote the 
spread of computational dialectology, especially 
computer-assisted dialectology. Needless to say, 
equipping students of the humanities with 
computer facilities is most necessary. 

References

Ishizukuishi 1973: A survey of the linguistic 
geography of Shizukuishi township, lwate 
prefecture, unpublished. 

Shizukuishi 1974: An intensive investigation 
of the Nishiyama area of Shizukuishi town, 
described in section 3 of this paper, unpublished. 

Tokunoshima 1976: A linguistic geography of 
the small island of Tokunoshima, Kagoshima 
prefecture. See Sibata, Takesi, et al. (eds) 
The Language of Amami-Tokunoshima (Tokyo: Akiyama 
shoten, 1977), in Japanese. 

Sappers 1977: Sociolinguistic research on 
honorific expressions of Sappers, Hokkaido. 

Sibata, Takesi (ed.) Urbanization and Honorific 
Expressions: Sappers 1977 (Tokyo: Dept. of 
Linguistics, Univ. of Tokyo, 1979), in Japanese. 

Sappers 1978: Sociolinguistic research on 
honorific expressions of Sappers, Hokkaido. 

Ogino, Tsunao, et el. Sociolinguistic Study of 
Honorific Expressions in a Japanes 9 City: 
Sappers 1978 (Tokyo: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. 
of Tokyo, 1980), in Japanese. 

Inoue, Fumio, et al. Atlas 
of New Dialects in Mogami District (Tokyo: Tokyo 
Univ. of Foreign Studies, 1980), in Japanese. 
