Q 
SO uR "INFORMATIONAL" LANGUAGES AND MODELS. - A SEMANTIC VIEW 
Jan gabr§ula, Jitka Svobodov~, Jaroslav Svoboda 
Faculty of Philosop~y, Charles University, Prague, 
Czechoslovakia - - 
(1) In natural languages as well as in any other sign 
system code signs (semia) are to be distinguished from epi- 
semis (enunclatlve si6us). 
In artificial ("Info1~natlonal") systems signs are 
sub, so% to asymmetric dualism involving the necessity of eyn- 
ergy of semia in a comparatively insIEnlficant measure when 
compared with signs in natural languageso ' 
On the other hahd, a measure of assymetry may be 
established, for example, in some constituents of the tradlt- 
ional language of arithletlc where even the phenomenon of 
"double articulation" of signs is encountered, plemes funotion- 
Ing - to a limited extent - as pleremes or semlao 
On this ~ ocoasion.we rely on the Common definition of the 
term pleme as a constituting element of the expression, a 
sort of subsymbol, ~l~ment de l°expression (of. J. Pohl, 
23, 453-468)° A new definition of vleme is given on this 
occasion: pleme absolute, relative (semi-symbol),. 
The pleme constituting the cipher (Number, quantity) 
eemia is strongly dependent on the syntactic synerg~v This 
dependence is the larger the lower is the particular numeral 
no t at ion o 
Both constant mathematical signs and co'natant signs of 
some other "formalized'* languages have their specific sign 
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basis, whereas variable symbols possess a very vague meaning 
of mere "cipher-representatives" or "number-representatives", 
without any own defined, pre-coded systemic and specific de- 
no t at i on • 
Grouped together into organized structures, variable 
s~mbols can function as abstract episemia (elementary and 
complex), and thus as elementary models, only for an (advised) 
recipient capable of usin~ certain -elgorithm8 m for replse- 
lng symbols by constant signs or of transferring them into 
signs of natural language. 
The icon and symptom act as episemia for an advised 
recipient • 
We can imagine a number of logical or arithmetical 
languages which can operate - each with regard to all others 
- as metala.nguages. At the same time, translation algorithm 
may sometimes be rather complex in view of tyDolozica~ 
differences between such systems, e•g. in the bicipher (two- 
figure) numeral notation, syntactical synergy and line~ 
arrangement of plemes are encountered in a very profuse mea- 
sure when compared to, for example, the decimal notation 
where the symbol O when placed to the right of a figure 
serves to multiply it by 10. 
The principle of cipher plemes is very economioz 3 
plemes may have 6 permutations (31 - 6), 4| - 24, 5| - 120, 
61 - 720, 10! = 3 628 000, but plemss as letters do not 
constitute semia in every permutation, e.g• ael, ale, ~, 
ela, ~. le__Aa. 
(2) We distinguish the "functional style" and the 
"functional language" (technical, scientific, logical, arith- 
tactical°°.) based on the structural features which refer to 
the totality of the devices of expression, to the structural 
organization of the totality of the devices of expressions 
strata, registers, sub-systems, sub-lances, sub-codes, 
varieties, "special languages". 
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Scientific sub-system and "artificial" systmn can be 
examined not only in contrast to other sub-systeNs (vertical 
-"social n, horizontal -"professional", regional..., of. J. 
Svobodov~-C~elov~, Beitr~e zur roNm~ischen Philologie, XIII, 
Berlin 1974, Heft 1/2, 217-229) of the sane language, but also 
in relation to the scientific subsystems of other languages. 
(3) Arithmetical language, Morse code (with specific 
merimnatical level), conventional symbols used in transnLtttin8 
messages by flags, et cetera, can be, entirely or partially, 
internationalized, • but also "idiolectized". 
In a natural language, some signs or categories of 
signs (e.g. Shtftere, Tense, "Verbal" Aspects, of. J. ~., IN: 
Prague School of Linguistics..., London, Oxford Univ. Press 
1972, 95-111) denote or, rather, designate the speaker's sub- 
Jective conception of ontological reality rather than object- 
ive measurable values. A simple example taken from planimetry 
inspires us to examine - even while using mathen~tical lan~ 
uage notation - the problem of relations between reality, or 
a model (whether mathematical or physical) of reality, or else 
various potential conoeptiona of the same reality. 
(4) In conclusion, the problem of relations between 
v~'TJ.n8 degrees of designation of the same real situation as 
well as the problem of the relation between its designation 
by means of mathematical expression and one in a natural 
language is illustrated on a mathematical model of meteorolog- 
ical situation while taking into account the concept of a 
fuzzy sere 
As far as t~e transfer and difusion of the atmospherioal 
pollutien is concerned, we describe them in two different 
languases (Lasrange, Euler), which represent a problem, both 
mutually, as well as in the moment while being interpreted 
into ~ natural languase. 
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And £t is by solWJ-u8 this problem (mal4;ol'ittms', list 
o~ instructions, organ£sram defined by Jaroslav 3voboda) that 
we want to avoid botJa dtetort£on and the complete loss of 
~nformatton. 
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