NEI~ ~EPEN}IENI~Y IJ~qEb ~i~Eg+~F~t\]fl'l'~U~ OF IINBERLYING 
REPREt;ENT¢i~ +'I\]\[.!.S fi~: ~Fi~i'EfEEI; 
Vladi{~{r PE'fKEVX~ 
Pr4go~e 6~ i3z~+ch+,+~;.~ev:~ki+i 
~m i:iii~ h~eture~ a pe+%bLio~m !~tor(~ 9enbrator r~.;; deep~ 
noi+,:rlyin~ stracture~ (:tbbP~v, I/~) o~ s~nt~nce~+~ i~ de '~ 
+iu+d. Thie qenerator (+ lJU+ildo+n StOP'e gener/Itiv@ +P'aP, I+" 
l,:ar} d~veloped irl~id~2 the functional geoerattve dest:vip +- 
lion (\[.'I.'.~)) rJf language irl Prague it+ tb~÷ f+rsi: part 6~rnm 
the vieeiiuiut o.~ tJte geoeration efa sentet'+ce) o~; the 
+ho~e stratificatinoal FGIJ,~ the output uf tile generator 
(a generatL~d U,+J) iS ~\[E~n,Jduced to tilL~ Iu~+er levels t'+¢ 
F(~t) ill the directiell f roli~ functiun to }or,l ( +~ ro~ 
t:l\[q:~tlJli~j v generally~ to its rep~e~ontation) in order to+ 
+t:hieve tlie final iJhouetic (.qrapbeeit:) repr~servkatie+! e+ 
th+~ ~ontenceo llur framelmPk ce\[flpi'ises the tlir~+++ ha+sit: 
di+,:en~+ion~i of the recreant.ice ef tip{+ sentence: al wdeocy 
frame+.+ (theta,,roles, types O+ the depende.eEy relation), 
h) cnoedioatiPm and appoeition, aIPd E) tepie+fucus or'tit 
t|~lation. 'i'ho 9ent~rativ++ + \[iramMar reflects the inter'pl+~y 
r+f the mentiened dimensions endE~aveurint\] to simltlaLe 
mire ~oloeely the prm:~ss of tile q:orl~ulatiou of the 
Benterice by a real speaker. 
1. In t:hi~ lecture we pr2~en~ a net+ generative pr+cedure 
g¢++uer at i n U und+h-I yi ng ~tr ttCt UP~tS of seoteeces, i .e+ 
seaantic representations of meaniegs, +'+Ithin the +rm~te.- 
~'mrk a+ Fl:;l) o¢ langnage developed hy the Prague research 
droop /~tgali ot alo 19691° This ~trati+icational de+ "+ 
eriptit'+n dividP+s the relatioi+ betmeen tile meaning and 
J~:u phom:,l:ical (graphemic) empressio~ into 5 l\[,+vei~ 
tecLogt+ah~illa~ieg (levm+l o+ US+st abbrev, TR) + ,+:mr+ar:e 
synkam (SR) + (neP'pfie/r+ic5 (HR) '+ phnnemics ,~nd phnnetit:ts 
(graphmaics},, Eact+ ef the ievel~ is interpreted a~ a set, 
o.i r'ep~esentations ~ach o~ ~hich {lilly d~scribes a sen .~ 
fence nn the p~rt~lining level. The generative componeni + 
(r\]C) pr'odnces ripe TR representation ol a sentence frost 
~,'I~icIi it', ftlrther transducad to 9R~ t/ien froi~i }JR to \['JR 
and so on ontil the phonatical ~graphemic) represen =+ 
tation nf th+ seetence is achieved. 
th!r fi\[; ~+ a pushdot,m stere gem++ratoP" G /Sgall 19g~t/ 
geeerating "complex depeodency structures" /Pla~tek et 
a+ +, IVB4/, i.e, linearized labelled graphs incorporating 
tim+ fo!lowiug selnantit: di~iensiens~ dependeucy relation 
(\]IR), coordieatien ned apposition constructions (CA) and 
i:opic..focus acticslatitm (TFA). Each eemantic uord fort. 
(selna.teme~ node) efa generated US depends (except {or 
~.he male verb) hy a semantic OR (as a t+omplementatien, 
medification~ expansiuH) either or, a single node or on a 
group of coerdinated node~. The dependent node is eo- 
closed in < and >n uhere integer n encodes the type 
of \])R,+ e.g. gt:tor', Ob.j~ctive, 1'i~le, Place (see Table I), 
;Hid < stands het~een tim governor and its d~pendent 
nDde ~+,lbich~ Jn the ceKresponding graph, uould be cDnne~,-, 
ted by an edge labelled n , The relation of CA i~ 
deooted hy~" 
\[ ~ i s,. ; .,. §, \]p,. ~+here st form a CA group, ~. 
el~code,s a I'A type (e.g. an=d + p\[I,, The Eorresponding 
graph looks likP+~ g 
:/ .... ..................... k 
f~ to TFA+ each nede ~s considered either as conte:{tnat -+ 
!y hound (C1)) or urln~hetlod (N~),+ the f\]~ (NI~) erlde is 
+,lacked by the superscript +; (~). Jn the +r+ph the, CB 
(P~) ilodes depelld nl+i their governor fro~ tht+ left 
(ri+jhi:)+ "i'lPe C+ <Nit) preperty o+ a node ~ is related 
ne!y tn }( its{,If, uhito tile topic and feces ef the 
sentence are global terms /~gall et al. 1986, Itaji{:ev~ 
1988/, Prototypically, C}t (N~) nodes beloe~l te tile topic 
(focus)~ althoegh \[;~ node~ can alsn beloe~ t{+ the topic 
;~nd N)~ oedes to the topic. 
Any nodI~ gen{~ratml by ti i~ a ~r.,4plex teraiiral ,~iyE~hol e,~ 
the ~.;hapa (a~,tiRa)~ ahere ~ stands for a lexicai 
(meanin U) Hnit belonging to a certaie t+ord cl~s~s (CL:j+t~ 
-:~ogo Verb, Nets+ utl;+, ~c <t,~) , and GRa is a .s~h~et o+ 
uram~+tt~er4e+ (=valoe~ o+ +3rich eategt+r'ies a~++ de+Inltenemr++ 
number' am1 ~s¢\]\[:\]t::~ prepo~.i~,itolie, ~ith ilo|~ri~ ov ~L,i+~h~+, 
aspeet ~ed tloda\]it, y ~Jith v~.v'b~) appropriat~ for EL~f,; .giJ 
tJutpo~: stri~a\] o~ B re'tit?Co'iS tl+u d~.p~if+den~: V ',+tr'~Jc'~i'~; ~L+;~" 
the corr~pt~udtllg ~(It&HICL.%" tile ~ovt~FtJor 3~,g~yg ph?.E(?~\]~\]~; 
i'L~ dopehdent d~ught~r nodm+~ the K~ ~led~ +~wt~c:i~ U f+hi:! 
Nb onc,,~ o. Llie ~ame level o{' eLqbeddinijo '(hLz~e, k ~ ~\] ~ L,¢ k ~ ~ ~ \] 
daoghter node~ ~rB ordered C~CCori;lttPg to $.i~K~3~in~i ~(:~ . 
dynalaic i~il;q+t ~.1~ otle~ eactt I;~ (t:4)~l ~,he~hter ~tNi@ b~::~ 9 
E~m~ddered le,++~ (morel dy~a~ic ~hal~ it~ ~.i~v~r~lP~ \[~\]~ 
m\]ilu~+~ bE+iiiu ~uhject to ~h~ ~y~temic order~+tj ~ (~u~, 
~!*ieitlon heloolo Such at+ approach re.*lt.++cts the rh:++~u~. 
o-;: ~a~i~ml:~ or aetiv+~tion in the +++took ~t-i k~,i~ul~ii!\]c., th!~ 
speaker i~ a~sotaed to ~h~r~ ~ith tilE' ii~t~F~fY d~riu~ thK 
discottrse /R',g~ll 1986/. 
E:!?ml+~+e, + l"i,z aeanino of thu ~nteoce 
(l) ~ane and ay brnther~ ~ho t:reatc~d a ~.~.~iiy~ ~iv'u in 
~oston 
is geoerated hy G a~ ~tdlot+~r, 1 
< ( X~+ tier I } ).3Bland( ( cr+ear4~ +GRt v'ea£e } '( <~ht~, \[JR++~b o ) >++!+ 
< (f +++iJ y++, +R+~,,~j~ + >2+)t >+,< (+net m,-++ +r +o+:o, + >l i >~++ 
He+ore the net++:+. {or ~P'e+t~ '.. depends on tho Ch ~P'ou+~j ~ idol+:> 
and ~y bra,thep*, 'i+he int~ger++s.d~no~ th~ type~ of ~R~ 
I :: f3eiierai relationship (iiOnh adjlliPctl+ 4 = t~cter+ li ++ 
Plac~.~ 26 ~= Objective, 35 = tlppurtetlaiiceo 
2, He pre~eot no++ tile \]~or~at d~.~initirm o~ U+ 
l)efinitioo~ t'h~ po~hltOt4qt ~tore ~r+Jk4-k+~-~i" +3 i~ do§irtc+-d C',<~ 
4 el 1 o+.,s~ 
G =: (I(,V~,V. iT~+i'K,t ~.) i t+liei+++++ 
V o = ~u fl+u ~q'o {NEII~,P, IE+f} i+ an OUtlin~ voc+~liulaiy~ 
here +i im ~ +et o+ cot+pier tereioai +y~+boJ~J (+Je~iootiL: 
~or'd +or+os, t+emantem++s, nedets) o* the shape (O~R~3)~ 
l~dlere f3 stai~d~ for a lexical (~eaning) unit froa ;s 
certall~ ~ord c~aes (CL.)~ z+c~ {t+~) (i.o,, l\]l~ or Nlil~ 
6Ra-g 6RCL + P~her@ ORI; E it; ++ ,2et iiltet'pr~t+++d as the set 
o+ grammar+Poet appropriat+ 'for the cord class ~l++ uii+re 
~ CLI 
H' i+.i the s~++~ oT ~ymbels having one of th~ tun +shape+s~ 
< + >r2 v ++here +jm H, H is the set o+ trite+ere encedi++g 
tile kinds of ~R+ Exactly,+ H = PTU FH , who, re 
PT + (+123124,26028) im a +et o+ inner participan~+++ 
lee+ complemeetations i+lOl+t@ \[if uhich call expand a ~eman-, 
tele core than once (c~, Table i)| FH is a slet o'~ ',:r'Q~ 
(adverblail modif~catiens~ F>TnFii n +) , FOr arty lt+~il:~+~ 
unt~ a the ~at+t PT_~ (inner participant,~ o+ ~)~ Ft.la 
(~reo~ adverb+al ~mdi{icatiotts e* ,a.l+ ant+ OCt+ {ilh~i~\]m, 
tory cemplementattons of ~) are distiii~Ll~uh~iJ~ t+her@ 
UCac_ PTau FHa ~ P1';3e~ FH+ m + . ~1~ FH B :: VHb_ for aIW .~++ 
~ CL , tile ++ymbel FIICL can be umed. 
O' i~ the set n{ ~.'w~bols b~ving tee o~ th~ ~?oJlet~i*/~j 
shape~ \[ ~ 3~ ~ ~here ~ 0 ~ 0 betn~ the t+P~t of ~+y~,ho\]'4 
denoting the varian~cm e+ t;~+ + = {F+P..¢++Lq+)+ L+.i.+J<::t+~l,~ 
a+v(+++'bu+t)+ contr('=+hil+)++i\]} + thud4 + + U+~u t;+~+ + 
.he+e % ='q+++, +_~++, .+.+> +l,d + ..... ..... :+ ,+ :+++++ ~+~,~+~+ 
denote the mubset+ Pi# the C#+ variants th+t cot+ ,'++i+ 
cahilet, t)~ It~+P'ateU,+ re+i+++ctiveiy+ 
NEBr. d~++eote+~ th+J n++Bat~nl~ n~ ttt~ C~ v(~r'b\] 
NEG~ denotm+ the ilot~a~tior+ nf ~he (partial} ~Ocu~ 
K i~+ a 5c.+t o~ ~tirler t~tatt~t+ O{ B~ u+aclt ~tat~ ~ cm.@.+~u~+ 
o+ an urdared tripit++ 
K ++ ~'tJ ~U (K+++{~+~4(+)++i+(~JvCtJOR+++)} + \[t+~G+ 
K,l~ (t~} ~ K.i denotlog ~tieth*2r ~hu nede ji~t h~.~e.g 
e~paed++d i,s beil+O expanded by CB (K.,=tl Ill .+ P~B (l(.~',:~) 
emmpl +m+ntati++n++ 
K+ i++ a ++u~te++mittal rapra+~+iltatlott 0'} tit{+ t~e+.ii+i(++ +5+ + 
manteae, ioeo a t:omplm}{ symbol u1~eotijI~ the ~ord t:l(4s~+~ 
:5.+ tile moflt+led ~+oP~an~+M~P (i+iegatleo o+ ::+ vo(b b+}~u~J 
d+.uiuL~!d by thP2 sttp¢++rscrip; +, I or 2) ~oltou+ed by tin2 
51?_ 
tinil );if a~'i ilutpiit ~trliig~ iom, l K~ = CL ~ (ltlt~!tZtg~Egio 
H~,,r v; 
Ct. i~ ttie :;ei'd ela~ Oi tlil~ mud)it,d fDQL4alltel~e l 
1\[~7 {~l~1~2} ~ i.~ H = I ilion oith~r' a Cli vorb li,~, CL := V 
o. th~ ~;o~'~ cla~s is Verb) h~m al.r{#~dy beet) n~gatc,>d or 
tii~ impo~llbillty Of +Dsch a itegatioi-i 1~ iiidicat~d I i§ 
~ 2 thch~ th~ lingation of (possibly partial) focuu 
d;pt~uS~nt ue tll~t v.orb (or including it) has been perfo~'- 
8R i~ a s~t OC gra~i~ateiles pertaining tu the ~led~fi~d 
ewtt~ t!e (t~} ~ h dunotiug tihether th¢~ oodifiwd nude 
itself represented try ttie complew eymbol K~ itl Cll or N~ l 
{Or {~tl} ~ ~ = I it~ the iodified semaiite~ has an e~i'- 
b~dd~ (possibly partial) ¢ocus; 
~ {{~}u I ~ Oxe I lff the given cowpleR sy~bol KZ repr'e ~° 
sellts a L;~t el the typ~ § i ~hose ~embers are just h~ing 
d~rtvl~d or t~Rpai~dedl if ~ = t thf~n the value ef tile 
variatil~ ~1(! isle belom) is meaiiiugless, ill this cas~ ~e 
o(~it (in T~blo ~) the z~ro value Of ~ and the value of 
tjg 
E g~ (~jll} ~ Eg eiiellretl that at ieast two members of Cfi 
uill b~a d~rived~ 
K 3 denotes a sequeucw, o¢ 7lemelit~ belenging to the set 
\[iu {~l/ I itll~i'e ii = {eli I g~ ~1~ j,=~e {g~l} and j = I iff 
g~-0C~ fU/ tli~ modifi~id rode ~ ~ ~ = I iff i\]~ P'f~ for 
the olodifi~d node a}~ 
Ko = (0,0,;~)~ K is au initial state; 
7 = {(tit{i(l!fl4)ll)l(~=l~l~(it~)l~l)}C K iS a ;el Of final 
states l 
(t~Hi(O)~f~) is the evasive (wrong) ~tate| 
(t~COORI)~I) is an auxiliary state fur the proper 
derivation o., ~ CA'sl 
V s = Mu V~c)(lJ} is a pu~lldown store (PSI vocabularyi 
~;bere elem;nts of V~ have the same shape as K~ enricfied 
with the ~,iupersript standing with the word class symbol 
c~iid daunt:tug the I)R type by which the corresponding 
~t~lanteioe flail exp~lnded last~ 
\['l i~ aii aiisiliery syabol ilenotiug the inacce~eible ei,d 
of Ptl, 
If i~e H u\[:Kuv'~.~ as a subscript~ tbt!n =2 may else equal Bo 
I} mut'k~i aieilg ~ith the leliii~on co~Iprising entries each 
oi: mtlich t;tiiitlist~i Ofl 
c~) repre~eutatias o'\[ a ).e.}d.ral ~eaning ,~ al;companied by 
its ser=lantJ.c alid syi-itactlc, featilre~l 
b) elemenlMi ).If tile 7ihape gl (~ R) i where !++~ PYau OCa , 
For each word clae~ CL there are further attaci, ed to-the 
~x i ten 
i) a ~;el. or all poe~ible grai~imater~es appreprial:~ fro" 
CL~ 
ii) a set oi: ~ree ~todificatiiis~ apliropriat~, for CL (t!~- 
Iintoil Piql.l ,) ,. riley Call be associated eitl~ the entiro 
wortt i: <~ a~i~$. 
fitt=) ~1'. ¢)~: <'ill possible co~ple~leiitatiens of # consi*Dts 
o~ PYyt) Flick. l'lliS set is ordered ~ccerding to iu- 
l:Kt+;i;tliij .PriearY cot~f;ILlilicative dynamism of its Olei~on~s 
(this ord¢)riug being called "systemic urdering" t abhrevo 
!';fl~ .~;ol) "i'~ibl~ I) and tll~ resulting sequence is called a 
cal~,! Tt'a~i~ li~ !$ o SO is valid ¢o~" ttie NB coaplemem. 
tatiiiiis Olii, y~ ion. in a r, letence all N)~ compl~aentations 
u~ a node ~u~t ha uvdered according to fiO~ hut tin sect) 
oi'de>riu~j i.~ d~fii'i¢~d for ttl~ CB co~plnaentatious of a 
iietli~o ~0 ~e i'abIu ~ is ~peclfic for Czech ISgall 19116/. 
~Yilillvi~hlal (711~rilltl ill the leatCoe can b~ choeen by I~ 
c,.g. by ~10D|:rtl~ o~ th@ I:a#ldof~ gYiinratton. 
tJitll~i-" tlyl~bt~li$ um~d #or the deaeription of PS elellente~ 
i~ a vavlahh# fur a verb~l le~Ical unltl 
~ ~ v~v,~ab~,e ~or a le~icml unitl 
!JY~ \[;~. d~ti~tit~ thlD casf~ ¢ramte 0¢ V t ~ . 
i'ltD# I~ of ell cii~ll~lul~ntmtien~ aiemg with their as- 
~t{fflt~d tl~i,~gcit" ~olt~ (~ H) ordered according tu SO is 
not been ~orkiug) 
8 - TI~ hg~ Iggg (It lasted t~g hgg~) 
9 -Yi=~ fg\[ hg~ Iggg (He uill stay ~gE ~g ~g~) 
I~ -~ figg~gE~E~gg~ (He ~as reading dg\[~gg 
It - Pl~ (He ltv~d lg P~;i~) 
12 - ~gg~E (He studi~s ~ell) 
am always with youl 
14 - Extent (He studies ~gt~gsi~l~) 
t6 "° Sgb~titgtig~ (He was appointed President 
17 - O~Eg~g~g~ (He wen~ there w~tl\] lie E) 
18 - ~g§~E~gg (All were rescued gx~e~t fg\[ l~l~j) 
19 -~ ............ Instrument (He erote ~ith a g~tJ) 
21 - Cg,ij~aEisgg (He ia better thal\] I) 
23~ = AddEesse~ (He gave )J~i~ a pml) 
24~ - gEigig (It is made 9q~ g~ !'~gg~) 
27 - ~\[~E~ggt ~b~Eg ~g (5he penetrated igtg ~b~ 
28~ .-. ~E~ (He made a log igtg ~ figgg~) 
29 - ~g~fiEialL7 (tie bought a flower' fg\[ hgEI 
~ - Cggditigg iX mill net leave ~! 7gg ~g gg~ g~7~ 
hjg mggg~} 
31 ~ ~iii\] (He did it \[g gi2d~c to ~) 
32 - ~#g!~ (He smiled !gE ~ i~!! ~gg \[{~gg!Tg!) 
33 " g~g~ (He did it ~g ~O~ ~ ggg~g gg ~\[~g) 
35 -~gE~g~g~g (a leg gf ~hg ~Og~) 
The numbera having th~ subscr~p~ ~ belong to Pf, ethers 
belong to FH~ 
P8 is mritten in ~uch a way that the leftmust e?mbul i~ 
that use stored at the accessible end of PSo 
Before the definition o~ th~ defining fuection F of G 
the meaning of uther symbols used ie preseet~d~ 
V (the ~ord clare o~ the lexical unit of v) and N denote 
the ~ord class of verbs and nouns~ respectiv~ly~ 
~ ~ are variables for a word class; 
~ymbol C stauds (symbols g~ ~' stand) for complex non- 
terminal symbuls of the shape K~ , ~h~re ~ ~ (~ = 0)t 
ioe~ C stands (U~ D' stand) fur the complex symbols 
ebich repreeent (do nnt represent) the CA's wltuse lae~- 
hers are just being derived or expanded~ 
denotes a eequence of elements of ~ 
stands for a symbol of the shape ~ Jff on the left= 
haud side of the same rule the variable k h~s the value 
8{ etherwlse m stands for an empty sequence~ 
stands ~or 0 iff h~ on the loft-hand side o¢ the ~a~e 
rule has the value to otherwise ~ etands for i~ 
the priam and bar sy~ibols (e.g. ~', ~) have a similar 
meaning mS their simpla counterparts (ioe~ g) (here it 
~eaes that al~o ~ ~e {0~1} )o 
If a superscript or a subscript uf a wriabln lias the 
va~ue 0, it may be absent in the notation used. 
F is the defining function of 6, It has two parts= (able 
II and Limiting Cundltions~ i.eo conditions limitleg tbe 
possibility of using individual rsles as given in Table 
1~o F consists of 14 (schemes of) rules denuted 
l.A,loBi213~4iSi6oA,6.Bi6.Ol6oDi7~BoAiB.BtS.Co Each rule 
consists of the loft aud the right part. The left part 
~p ....... ~gg~ g~ cg~I~g~ntlggg g~de\[@~ ac~grdlgg to th~ consists of an (iuput) state (IS) and a PB symbol (RB). 
~ g~i~g~!!g The right part censists of au (output) state OS, tho 
sequence of PB symbols (~B) and the sequence of output 
-- ~:al #:~latig~thi~ (~lac'k table v t~g emel symbols (0), Yhe functioning of G consists in a com ~ 
<' Xd~gt~it~ {th~ city o~ Lgg~gg} putatiun~ i.e. in a sequence of steps in each of which a 
"" ~§~ ~Eg~E~ (gg~O Prague) rule is applied° "i'ho rule \[ can be applied if during ~he 
4~ o. ~Ctg~ (Jghg a~d¢ it; John ~t) cumputatien of R the current state u~ G equals IS of E 
5175 
Num R S 
I.A 
1.B 
J 2 n~ 
U 
f\] k 
&A ,-, 
BoB F~ k 
B,O c 
G,D C 
7 'J 
8.A U 
8,B ,; 
8.0 c 
TABLE II 
I S 
e 
V {G fR,b) 
b D ~ (GF{)d') 
L D P (G<k ~) 
L .D P (GR,~; 
COORD 
COGRD 
,~ V P (GR, h ~'\] 
:i D~ (C'R,h ~) 
,~ A * (GR, h ~) 
K 3 K, K~ 
b V (G%h) 
CO~RD 
L V ~ (GR,~) 
D ~ (qR~h ~) 
£ D ~ (G%h ~) 
A (GRA) 
@ 600RD 
COORD 
t V (O%h) 
@ CSORD 
A (GR, M ~) 
........... ~,_---- --z~:z:~c:~_z..m ::Z?:~T,:L ::~; 
--~- r,,,,~ < (vh,@~v) +' 
0 
@ 
c~ 
J n k 
s,U 
U 
C, 
r%, 
<E 
NEG~ 
< (o:,GFi~,) 
<E 
E 
NEq T 
> n 
\]~ 
and simultaneously the current PS's symbol is RS. By 
applying \[, 15 switches to the corresponding 08, R5 
being read (=removed) from the top o( PS while W5 is 
written onto the top of PS (in our notation of NB the 
l~ftmost ~yebol of WS becomes a new top symbol of PB) 
and D zs written at the output tape (in the left-to - 
rioht direction). G starts in Ko~ the rules are applied 
in an arbitrary order, the only condition being that the 
current state and the PB's top symbol agree with the 
left-hand side of the applied ru~e. In some cases a 
choice between the rules is possible (i.e. B is non- 
deterministic). If 8 reaches the state s to which no 
rule can be applied, then either s E K , i.e. an UB has 
been achieved on output, or ~¢ K, i.e. the resulting 
~tring differs from a proper US in that it con{:ins no 
(non-empty) focus. 
Ad I.B: 
Ad I,A: a, The set of grameateees of the lexical unit 
is GR£, which is a set of grammateees appro ~ 
priate for a main verb, BR~ = BR. 
a. C = V(BR,h,~,~) . 
b. ~s Q. 
hd 2,3: None, 
Ad 4: a. U = ho(BR~,h'~ ' ) or U = ~, 
Ad 5: None. (Notice the absence of the superscript 
over the symbol 0 , i.e, ~ = B.) 
a. D' = ~o(GR,b) . 
b. A,~BR,BR meet specifically listed restric- 
tions of subcategorizati'ons and others (not 
discussed here). 
c. The set of grammatemes of the lexi~al unit 
is era, GR = 8R B . 
a. C = ~\[l~,i,~,~l . 
b. Conditions 6.A,a - 6,A.h hold. 
c. ~ g. 
a. C = h(BR,i~,~c O) . 
b. ~ Q. 
c. The set of grammateees of the Iexical 
is t 6R = GR~ . unit a Re, 
d. Either ~_BR , 
or h = N, and the following conditions hold: 
dl, D!~ BR . 
d2, ~ \ (~l,~g}~ BR \ {~l,~g} . 
(~=R is consistent with the word class A, as 
for the grameatemes appropriate ~or a given 
word class| ~I and ~g denote the grammatemes 
Ad 6.A: 
Ad 6.~: 
Ad 6.C: 
of plural and singular, respective)y~ ~ ~:e ~, 
ordinated group of nouns ~ generated .;.~.~i~ 
the coordination group syabo\] mav'ked a~ 
plural, because such a group ha~ ttze ~ywLa¢: ~ 
tical distributional propert~e~ - agr~en~ent~ 
etc.= o~ a plural noun,) 
h, ~,~e g , 
c. Condition 6,C.d holds. 
Ad 7: a. U = Dn(GR'~h~g ') . 
b. If h = t then ~ = in 
Ad BoA: a, Either el. U = Ao(GR,h~) , 
U ~ = A~tGR~hZ)~ 
or a2. U = ~ 
U ~ = ~(~) o 
b, ~ = 1 iff either ~ = f or ~ = i~ 
otherwise ~ = ~o 
hd 8.~: a. C = ~(GR~h~cg) 
C' = ~(BR,h~',~,~Q') . 
b. Either bl. ~n = ~, ~0' = l, ~ Q| 
c~ If ~ = ~ then e' = ~i otherwise e' = ~o 
Ad 8.C: an C = A(GR~h~,g,cg) . 
h, E~ ~s a case frame for a CA repr~euLed by 
the complex symbol C~ t.eo an asceikd~ 
sequence of elements of Be 
c. Condition 8.~.c holds° 
d. cn = I. 

REFERENCE5 

H~X~OV~;"Eo (t98e), A ~ependency ~a~wd Sp~cJ~icatio~ ~ 
Topic and Focus I: ~ackgroufld and Notivatiefl. 5HII. 
~/2, ppo 93=10~. 

PLATEKo H° and 8BALL, ~. and SGALL~ P. (1984)~ ~ ~p~=i ~ 
dency ~aee for a Ltflgui=tic 9eicriptJon. ppo 63~7 
in: Snail, P. (Edo), Contributions to Fuoc~io~ 
£yntax, £ema,tic% and Language Co=prehension. Prah~ 
Acadeaia. 

SGALL~ P. and NEIESK~y L° and gORAL~KOV~ ~o and IJ~.- 
31~DV~, E. (19&9), A FuoctionaJ Approach t~ SynLa~ ~ 
Ben~rative Description o~ Language= New York= 

S6ALLv P, (198B), A Dependency ~a~ed 5pecificat~m i~; 
Topic and Focus I~: Formal Acceont. ~HTL 112~ pp. ~ 
14~ 

~GALL, P~ and NA~ICOV~ E~ a~d PANEVgVA~ ~o (J~B6)~ Th~ 
~e~ning o~ the ~ntenc~ in lt~ fie~l~tic ao~ Prao~i:~ 
Aap~ct~o Prague~ hcadeei~ p~. ~,o26~o 
