Monotonic Paradigmatic Schemata in Italian Verb Inflection(*) 
Vit;o Pirrelli and Marco Battista 
II,(',-(!N 1{ 
via (l('lla Ig:,ggiola, 32 I}i,~a,, 56126, \['I'/\I,Y 
{ Vil,O,li/a,i'(:O ~':(!)i I(', I)i .CII I'.ii; 
A bsl;raci; 
Ill i(!C{,li{; y{,ll, l'S, nlorl)hologicad \]);tl';tcligliis 
\]l~-U/e I)e{,n I;\]le \['ocus o\[' a,\]l {,x(.{~llSiv{~ ii\]'i.'(7~4t.i 
~d,ion, wliich ll~-ls lihrown hi slim' I} l'eli{~f l.h{! 
d('s{:\]'il)ixiv{', ;t{le{lil/t{',y of' it i)a.r;t(ligili I);ls('{I 
;q)iJvoa(:h {,{} Lhe Morl)holo~y ol Iii~hly hi 
fl{~ci,iu~ lml~l~t~e,~, wii,h I)ai'li{:ul;u" {,ill)haMs 
Oil IIt)l.OPi()ll,'4ly l.hol'ilV I)l'O\[)\[elil.~ Sll{:\[I ;is SI.PIII 
s{~l(,ct.i{}n ;tli(I M.ciu ch(}ic{' ill v{TI} {:(}iijut~;t 
I,ion. (JOml)~-u';13,iv{~ly Iiiile ll;/s I)c{,it (ion{, 
so \[Ttl' 1.{} show t.h{! I}i';t{:li{:;ll {Icls{:i'il}i,ive a(I 
V;tllil;tg(~s (}\]' ltll {!XI(JlINiV{) IIS{! (J\[ l};U';t{ligms 
hi ;I. WOllll)ill;;'t{.i{)ll;I,\[ s,Vsl.{tlli \['o1' wo/'(\[ ;tll;'tl- y.~iM~(,,{,,,~{.io,,. 
I,, ihM l}~q)er \re ret}ol'i 
ill SOlil{! (l{!i.MI l.\]l{! i'{'su\[l,~ (}\[' ~t f'ull,v d{!vcl 
{)1){?{I, i};w£~(li~ul.-I)ase(I, (:Olnl)Ul.,ii.i(Ju~t\[ ll'e;it 
ii/eiil, o1' liie ('ul.h'(~ {:oujuwtl.ioiia, I ~:'cs{(!lil (}\[ 
l{;dim~. W{, Io{:u.~ {,~ l.hc {onsi{l{T~d)l{, (le 
N(:l'il)iive {?C{}li{}lllV i'CSliiI.ili~ I'r{}ui (li';l\Vill~ {}li 
llw alii{}llill {}\[ I'£:£1un(Iml{:5" {:xllil)il('(I I)y Ill{, 
i)~i'~t(li~iii;~,l,i(: M,i'u{:t liP{' {}1' Ii{}l.h i'e~ll\[;il" ;til(I 
ii'l'{!~ili;ti' v(!i'i)>q ill \[i.Mimi. 't'hi~ I'('<\[llll{l~tii{:\]', 
\])itl'itdl~ililtt, i(" s(;iil;lii~tl;;I.. ()111 \]u/i)l{~ineii- 
Utl,i{}u (IOllll)AI'{~5 I'~VOill'~d}ly wilh {}i.her ilOll 
I);~i'~t{li~ili;'t{,i(: sl.ral.e<qi(,~ hi I{>l'lliS {)\[' I}oih {h~ 
s{:l'il}i, ive ;~,c\]{~(lllO,(: ), o3i(\] {)C(Jllt)lllV. 
1 PaPadignl-MoPt)hology all(| 
Illalian inflect;ion 
li,alia.u lnlle('t,i()n gl'llclgillgl',, I('ll~l,~ ii,.~ell I{) I lie ilO 
l, ion i,hal, M{)rl)holo<~y is ;ill iliVelil.()l'y ()\[' ileliis, 
('ailed niol'ph(~.lli(e-;, {'()ilsi,~iiii~_,; {)1' :ill arl)it,i'ary 
asso(gal,ion o\[' a \['o1'111 (a ('olllillll()il,q i}h(}u()l{)g\] - 
('al s(~(lllell('(' r)l' >~i.l'hi<q of {'hal'a('l.(g's) ;lll(\] a w(ql 
de\[ille{I ilni(lU(~ i)orl,ioli ()\[' lllorli\]l()l()~ic;ll ine;lUil~,io' 
eXl)l'(,,~se(I 1,hrough nlorl)ll()~.vnl.a(q.ic :/il{l/{ir I(~xi{'M 
l'eal, iire,~. 'l'lli,~ (lilli{!ull,\ i,~ w('ll <,xeliil)lili('(I I>x, tile 
)l'e,Selll, iiidica.l:ive ()\[' I, lie v(g'l} 'I'I'\]NI",II I ~7 ('k(wl)'): 
l,llf\] "\[ A', ,p' 
ll, ii i 'ljoll \],1,77" t~, ~ < <'(Qh< /,, ,p/' 
£<17 , t, ' !U,. l,:''l)" 
l,:llfl ,111,~ "1\]1~:{I I?~ / \]7': 
'I'F, NI'\]I/E, exhil}il:s a variel,y ()1 ,,li,<,l.in(% M,elns iii 
ll,S iillle(:l,i{}ii (Icllfl-, \[¢!1~- /ul(t /i(ll- \['(w Ille l)leSelll. 
iudic:a.l,ive oHly), each oI' which cau occur wil, h 
pa,rl, icula, r in\[lecl, iona, l eHding~ arid uot, wit:h ol,h 
er,~. 'l'his I)l:operl,.y, whi(:h exl;en(Is 1;o ;ill basic (i.e. 
Hou deriva.Liv(~ a.nd uon iu(qloal~ix, e) irregular \[t:al- 
iau verbs (al)oul: 200) aim ha.s va.riously I)eeu (q/aP- 
a(q.('rised iu Lhe lil.era{.ur(' in lxwu~s ol' "re{:ipro(:a.l 
('oll<lil.i()HiHg", "h<'~l:ePo(:lMs" a.ml ol,herwise, ra.i~es 
ill<' issue o1' wha{ regular i)ro{'e.~,~ governs sl{qll 
~el('cl, iou. 'l'radil,ioualIy, re{qpro{:al ('()udit, iouiug 
\[IH~ I){~Oll ;/(:(~()lllll,O(I \['or (~il,\[I(~l" ;Is :1 I)h(qlOlllOIIOll 
()I' (:o sele{Mou I)et,we(~ll t.wo iNd(~pelldenl.ly i(leni.i- 
lied morl}hological mfil;~, or as a phonologically. 
gOVel'lleC\[ a.ii,o.l'a,l,i()li of l,he M,elii wiien iii ('Olil- 
I)a, lly o\[' I)arl,icular eliciings. Wil,h ;l goo(I i/i~lli}, 
\'el'l)s, illllOilg which 'l'l')Nl'\]l/,b) is a case iu i)oin{,, 
\[I()W~'W(71', l,he (lisl,l'il)ul, ionai (lill>ereu{:e 1)ei,weeu l,wo 
<d,el/l,~ ('ai/ I)e hll'('rre(1 neil,hei' \['roln ali.V ~.'V,'~l,C'lll- 
at, i(' <lill'er('ii(:(' hi IliOi;l)\]l()~yiii,a(%i(! f(;al.ure C()lileul, 
(wllich a ,~iilgle iii()i'l)hologi{!a\] Uliil. is l)url)orl,e{\] 1,o 
{:()llVey), l/OP l'l'(.}lil ordina.i'y i)houologi('a.l conM(l(w.. 
al.ioii,~. I)araclig~ni~ o\[l'er all e(:oliouli{' aud elega.lll; 
wa),' to ca.l)l,ilr( ~ a.II ihe.~e i'acl,.~. 
2 ~t;oiu AILerna{ion and Choice 
In Morl)h()iogy, a \;erl) i)a.ra(ii<~in deiine~ a sel, o\[' 
{'ells wiiere f'ullv hill(:{q,ed word \['oriil~ ape i}ah'ed 
\vii,h a (:Ollil)lel;e iiiorl)ho.~ynl;ax%i(: \['c'al, ul'e Sl)e(gfi- 
('ai,ic, n relle(%ing {,he way r(~ievanl, {:oiljugal,ioila\[ 
(lillleiisiolls Sli(:h a~ {,(~l\].$e, I/lOOd, I)('T~Oll, Illllil- 
I)el', a.nd verl) cla.ss (:oiiil)iiie. I)ara.di~lii~ (le 
\[inea dittlenMon of ulorl)llologi(:ai aiialy,qs \vflich 
Clll,~ a(:i'o,~s l, lle ~l)e{:i,i:lllii oF i)ol,h Ima(lil,ioiull 
illOrl)helli(" ail(I I)r()ce~-I)a~ed ;/S,~lllill)l.lOll~: ,~1,1'('~<~ 
i,~ i;li{I t)l/ l,he way uioPl)hol{igi{:a.l l/lOallill<~ is s,y,~- 
lelll;ll.i(!aliy ,'4(,Pil(q,lll'("(I ill lailgtlage, ill) illi/t.l.(!i' 
wliat, forula.I illeali~ ape l)ul, 1,o iiso I,o Nil iiia ~lVell 
i)al';/diglm/l,i(' (:ell ( Mai,l,hews 1974, ( lai'~l,air,~ 1!)~8, 
19.()7, (!ai'M,air~ and ~,('lll\])(W~el' \[{)~, (ial(ler 
1{)8{), ~LUlii I) 1991 ). I~or (:()nveuieu{!(!, \v(~ will hePe- 
afl,er liSSilll~O l.ha.i, II~aHa.n l)ara(liglnai, i( ' {:ells al'0 
tilled ill LhPough 8 I)asic:ally (!Oli(:a.leil;i.l;ive ol)ePa- 
t.ion, l,railiiig ali hi\[le(%iona.\[ eUdili~ al'l,er a verl) 
77 
stem. I,'or a giwm verb class, ~m.eh inHeet, ional 
ending presupposes and is presupposed by any 
other pa.radigmatically-related inllectional ending 
(Wurzel 1989). This is illustrat¢~d in tile exam- 
pies of the present indicatiw~ paradigm of irregular 
Italian verbs given below, where a bhmk separates 
the stem from the inllectiona.I encling a . 
i)l'¢~s¢~nI; illdicat iv<~ 
"I'I')NI,)I~I? V ~N { I{H 
2s tte~z ~ 2s u~ 
2p tc~z ctc 2p uc~t it, 
3p tl:~lg oTzr, ?.p ~c~l!\] ~mo 
DO L~ I~ I,I ( '()(71, I I,;Hl,; 
Is dolt ,., 15 colt ,, 
2s d~tol * 2, cogl 
?,s daol ~ 3s cogl e 
Ip d,.,I iaTl~o lp ,:o91 iamo 
2 I) dol et~z 21) cogl et,z 
3p <tolg o~.o ?p colt o~o 
Besides the intralexelnie eharacte|' of Wurzel's 
presupl)osition relation l:m.radigms also exhibit 
systematic interlexemic redundancies in stem 
selection (Pirrelli and Federici tg.q/I). '\['li',NE\]Zl.E 
and VENH{.I!3 ('come'), in spite of I:heir 1)elong- 
ing to difDrent eon~iugationa.\] classes (resl)~,ctively 
second and third), exhibit an identical I)attern of 
stem alternation, as illustrated in the Imradig- 
marie sclw.ma of grid ?1 below, where sanlencss 
of index expresses sa.meness of stem form a.tion: 
The grid is also a.pplicable to the present indica- 
tive of I)OLEIU'; ('hurt') given above, indepen- 
dently of |;Ire substantial variatio|l in phonological 
content between the stems of 1)OLEI-{E and those 
of VF, NIIU); and TEN\]);I{I)'. When things are o1> 
served el. the proposed level of a.l)stra.etion, sur- 
prisingly f(~w paradigmatic schcJnata, unspecified 
for phonological eontent and eolllbillcd with ap- 
propriate conjugational classes of endings, suffice 
to generalize ()vet: the entire II;a.lia.n conjugation 
system (Spencer 1988, Pirrelli l.q.q3). 
There exists a direct relationship between the 
number of st;am a.lternants of a verb and the 
paradigmatic schema tire verb con%tins to. Under 
the assuml~tion that three stem alternants rl. r2 
and "r3 are used for present indieative, they most 
often distribute according to grid I al)ove. Sim- 
ilarly, the present indieatiw', of' a two-stem verb 
rarely departs from grid 2. 
There is a noneml/ty int, ersee~io|~ between 
schemata I and 2 (grid :3): a cet't.a.in amount 
tin l,hc paradigm of Cofllim'¢ |.he st;era alt.e,.rnang 
cogl- is tin'ned into cogli- in l;hc t.hirdq)c,'son singu 
Ira" and second-person plural of tim /)rese.nl; indicative 
by some sepm'atc readjustment, l'tll(!S. 
of combine|eric redundancy carries over fl'ont a 
three-stem paradignl to a two-stem paradigm, hi 
particular, i) the same stem shows up in the first- 
person singular and third-person plural, ii) r/has 
the same distribution in the two schemata, iii) 
'rl occupies the slots left empty by the missing 
third stem alternant, so that I, he constraint that 
stem atterna.nts in eells 2s and 3s are assigned 1,he 
same index is not violated. A quick look a.t the. 
lmra.digm of completely regular verbs (i.e. w'xbs 
with no stem alternation) confirms this trend: r2 
disappears, but its slots are taken over by rl. \[n 
a nutshell, rl is the default surface stem alternant 
~md normally occupies slots which are left empty 
by nonexisting Mternants. 
The descriptive economy obta.ined by describ- 
ing infleetional paradigms through paradigmatic 
schemata, is considerable. I)ue to tim distribu- 
tional overlapping between three-stem paradigms 
and paradigms with fewer altenmnts, a. single 
schema, specified for the ma.xim||m number of pos- 
sibile stern all, ernants, su\[fi(:es to aee.ount for \[,he 
distribution of an entire class of verb alternants, 
when the following simplitied General Indexing 
Convention ((HC) is resorted to: a) assign thc 
d@ult index rl to the ste'm, occurring in the (:ell of 
the second-person plural of present indica- 
tiw',; b) assign r2 to the stem of the first-person 
singular of present indlcatiw~; c) assign r3 
to the stem of the second-person singular of 
present indicative. 
In the following section we will detail a straight- 
fbrward monotonic formalization of a), b) and c) 
in a typed l>ature-structure formalism. Sulli<:e it 
to say now that GIC makes reference to dislh'i- 
lint|ohM properties only, specified in terms of the 
number of stem alterna.nts that a lexeme exhibits. 
No mention is made either of tile alteration Which 
the stem undergoes or of the form or' the eorrc 
spending infleetiomd ending. This is grounded on 
the Indexing Autonomy Hypothesis (IAtl), 
a.ccording to which "stem pairs exhibiting an iden- 
tical contrast in formation needn't exhibit an iclen- 
tical contrast in indexing" (Stump 1995). At first 
glance, the parallel distributional and Ibrma.l be- 
haviour of stem altermmts in the present indica.- 
live of Tli;NERE and VENIRE seems to falsify 
IAII. Other evidence, however, shows that IAH 
is indeed descriptively adequate. Consider, \['or 
concreteness, the alternation itTl stem pairs s||ch 
as croeifigg-etc ('you crucify')/ e'rocifiss-i ('\[ cru- 
cified'), infliog-ete ('you inflict')/ i,gliss-i ('\[ lu- 
ll|clod'). In spite of' their similarity in stem f'o> 
mat|on, matched by paxtial distributional re&m- 
dancies, any direct correlation between phonolog- 
78 
ica.l alltl dist.t'ibut.ioual ,'eg,tlarii.i<'s w+.Jhl load I.o 
in(:orv(':cl. Imra.(ligi+ta.l.h ' st.al.(qne~l.s, as slv.)wn I>3: 
the c<ml.rasl, b(¢w(~(m l.h,e past. l)arl+icil)Ic .?'o+iji,~;.~- 
,') ('(:r,|cili(>d') a,+l t,h+> past./)at't.icil>l+' m./l+ll-o ('in 
Ilict,ed') wh(~re yet. a..m:>l;h(~r st.(~t +tlt.erl~ant. :-.h()ws 
Ul). Nol.e l+lutt. IAII ,.loes uof cxclu<h' t;h(' l~{+ssil>ilit.y 
t.hal; ;~+. ,+lirec\[. cot:r,'daLi,.)u l>+>l,w+>+'t~ l'~+rt~ att~l iH,::I(~x 
ing can I;e sl, il)l,tla,t,+>d C()IIVCII'iCqII, I3'. A iiiOl'C higllly 
valu(>d lexic+)u, M~ottld ;l..l+'+:o I>,:' ald+' t~> cai>l,tlre fit+: 
st. rJl,:iug sil<tila.ril.y b<>l:,v,:>(>u th(> l)l'eSe~tl, ilMicat.i',:e 
o1' I>ot, h 'FEN I",I~,I", and \:I,',NI I~1'+ sl,owH above, \'Ve 
will consider t.his I)ossil>ilit.y it~ t.he lit+al t>art, of I, he 
Pa, i)e\]'+ 
3 An ALEP hnplenmntation 
We ilhlsl.rat+' here a fortna.lizat.i(;tl of l,he l~ar;uligm 
l',a.sc:d ,,|c,,l<>l ot,l.li,~ed above, c+,,tcl,c,+l it, t.he l,yl>('d 
t'eal, ure sl.rutct, ure I'ormalis~u <>\[' .,% l,l:,l':: (( !ray Sys- 
t,ellls 199:1, l\]a.l;l.ist, a. attd l>ir|'olli 15)!)5, l~}at;l.isl.a, el. 
a\]. 19.q5). 
l,'ollowing ,qLUml) (1!)95), a paradigl, based 
t, reahwnl, of Ita.lia.u verl) iu\[Iccl.i<,~ re~luircs al; 
least t.hr('(' l<)gi(m.lly +.lisl.itl<'t; l.yt>('s +>f format (h> 
vices: a) w<)rd \['orma.l.ion rules'. I+) i>+tra<ligl~|at.ic 
sch(>tlwd.a, whM, sel+>cl, dill'+'rctH.ty iil<l('x<'<.l sl.+'~,~ al- 
t,er,,a,t~ts d('l,:>mli,tg (>it l:';.t'+t<-ligtt+alic <li,'-;l rib J , on; 
c) iudcxiug schen~al,a, which assigu st.cl~ alt<'+ 
u+ml.s i.h,+> i~tdices I.o whiuh l>ara,.ligt~lal.h: sclle~t~aJ.a. 
ill'(> S(:llsil;iv,'u 
\,V<~ a.va.il otH's,+!Ivc:.+; of a siugh" wor<I-for,,,a.t.ic, n 
rule (WI:I{.), which (mfor,::es, iu i,h,:" ,\I,I",I > F, ar- 
\[anco, lllOrl+\[lot,m:l;i(: (:OllS\[,l;;lilll,s <)11 l,Jle COllll)a,(;i 
I>ilil,y <)f ;t sl;;>tn and int\[l(,ct, i+ma.I (,tl+liug ill at+ iu- 
\[h,ct,ed \['orl,a: 
ld: {spac~->sp~c i~ : (i)r0~ ~yp0->proc ~ypa : (procas s >y}, 
dal, aj;ypo-->~sr:{wsr td >IDa.), 
sign: >sign : {phon >JR,El , 
c0ns~ypo->~0rd :{}, 
synsom=>synsom : ( 
local=>local : { 
syn~>syn : { 
cat >h0ad caL :{ 
hoad=>llE~.D}}}} }} 
<\[ 
ld : {spo<:~>spo¢i r : {dat a t, ypo++> lox : {l¢,x id ~>\]\[D} } , 
s ign-> s ign : (ph o n-> \[It\], 
const, ypo=>morphomo : { 
morphLypo=>roo~ :{ 
itlflox~>INFLEX}}}} . 
ld : {s ign=> s ign : {ph0 ix ~> { F,\] , 
cons+ypo >morphomo :{ 
morphLypo >i onding:{ 
inflox->INFLEX}} , 
synsom->synsom: { 
\]ocal=>loca\] :{ 
syn >syn:( 
ca~=>h~+ad cal; : { 
hoad=>\[LE.~D}}})}} 
\] 
::71~cA(h:a.nced \[,~l.ll,~ll&gC l'htgeli(+(+l,iltg l;+im.f,+t'nu, 
(AI,I",P) is ;l, li I",(', ini(,iai,ive (,o Iwovi<h! I,he n;tt,11u'al 
\];uigli&ge i'ese~u'ch mid eitg('iiet~l'\[ng (:ouiniitiiil.y iu I'ht- 
l't)\[)C wii, h a xenel';t\[ i)tll'l)OSe rese~tt'ch ~uld deveiOl)inelil. 
ellvh'ollliit, li(.. 
'l'ho tmlc ix sl~tted in trn,di*;i<mM morphemic terms: 
a full word ca,|l I)e the mot;her node of a I)imu'y 
I)ra.t,ching stru(:i;ur(+' whoso. <la.ughters a.re a. stem 
a.~l,d :m infl(~cl.ic, nal eraling. 'l'he irl.mtedia.t++: donl..- 
intauc(> relal, iouship is expressed I)y '<'. l)a.ugll, 
t,ers are lisl.ed I)+q,wcen square bra.ckol;s, a.ud set)a. 
ral.ed l)y a comma in t, hcir F,r+'+c+xl+:n(:(~ ord(':r. IS(m. 
Ll,ll,'(': sl, l'tl(:l;l,lr(;:,-; a,l+o (Hlt;l()sed ill. curly I>rackel.s, and 
l>al.h,,s. • axe exl)ressed l, hn:ou, gh, right,-l)ointed arrows: 
~d.l.ril:ml,e= > value 
l,'ea.l;ure sl,ructul,:<;s are t.yl)cd TFSs), with, t.hw 
I.yl)e Ili:l.lll+~ SCl)a.r~tt, ed by a. colon 
I,yl)e_n,+tl,<le: { \[',e;-'d, <ll,'e _s L r t i c 1,1l, t'e } 
'File rule says l, hat. a slxutt and a.t| in\[lec- 
l,ionm, l ending combine in an inflected word lbrm 
it' and only if their INI,'I,EX 'l'l"Ss arc uuili- 
a.ble. A ll;hough ll, Miml. morphology is la;ea.tcd here 
as l>asicMly c(mca.t, cua.t,ive, the forma.l piLra.digm- 
based a.l)l>a.ra.t,t|s we prol)OSe here caah va.riously 
bo, col,tclu',d in cith, er process-based or lllOl'\[)h, cltt+~- 
I)ascd morphologies, the choice bo, l;wecn the two 
bciug dicta,ted only by e|npirical collsidera.tions 
<'(Hl(:el'l,lillg \[,\[1('. IIlitillly (:OIIC,~/(,(HII/.\[,iVO ()r IlOll,(:Oll- 
cal.ena.Live nat,ut:o of Lhe \]a.ILgtta.ge in quesl;ion 
( NI al,1;hews 1974, ( :alder I.()89). 
4: The Morphological Lexicon 
'l'he A I,F,\]' ILadi?~n ulorphological lexicon includes 
1,wo ha,sic ent,ry types, stems a.nd itfllecl, ionM eud- 
ings, both structured lmra.digma.tically. A t.hird 
l.yl)e, covering a.ll non iu\[leclAng items, will uol. I>e 
consi<l<'xed her<'. 
A verh entry is <mcoded a.ccordhlg l:o an a,l)pro 
l~riate indexing schenta, whficht c+mforlt|s t,o (it+ ',. 
lu plu:ticular we use some AI,ICP macros such as 
t.llc following: 
mac r0 ( m ROOT WS~. ILEX, PH0~I, X NFI.EX\] , 
ld :(spoc=>spoc JA" : (proc_.t, ypo=>pro c t;ypo : {~ lm=>n, 
procoss=>y}, 
dat a_l~ypo=>lox ; (fox id=>LEX}} , 
S ign=> s ign : (pho n=> \[IqlON\] , 
constypo=>morphomo : { 
morphtypo=>root :{ 
~ Im c lass=>t im_c lass : {volar=>n, 
gl ido=>\[~}, 
inflox=>INFLEX}}}}) 
't'he II, FLOOTAVSl uua.cro t, akes t,hree argumcnt,s 
(l>etwcen squa, re 1,ra,cket, s in tlte \[irsl, litle of t,ho 
t~im:ro): I,F,X, which spocilies the eucc, ded h'×ellle 
as n va.lue o\[' l.he a.t.l,rilmte 'h'x_.id', I~I\]ON, a. pos 
sibly siuglel;ou lint. of l;he stem a.lt.crna.nt;s of thu' 
lexctue in quest, ion, a.ll,d \[NI"I,EX, which, a.tnon, g 
or, her thhlgs, enforces the rehwa.nt, sgem indexing 
schellla.. A n ins(,a.nl, iation of t,he argunlents of (;his 
Itla.cro spells ou(, Lhe followiug lexica.l entry of I,he 
irro.gula.r verb SCI",N I)l,\]l{.Ig ('gel, (\[own'): 
scondere " 
m ROOT WSI \[i _s cendero, 
(scondlscos/sces)-alt, 
inflex:{inflex ciass=>\[v,e\] , 
parad igm ciass-> (ze r0/0 ne/Bbroe) all, 
st;em index=> ( (rl ;r2 ;r3 ; rg)/r4/r6) all:}\] 
whel:e I,li',X is hlsl, ianH,ed as "l=sce.del'e', PIION is 
assign(<\[ (,wo sl,<'.ls (s<c/~.d- and ,w~(~;-), n.lKI IN- 
I~'LI!'X t, alc(.s a (lis, iUll(:i,ive list o{' 1)aradigl|mt, i(: 
i.di(Tcs which ('orl:('lal,(' wil,h (,Iw PIION values 
t,hrough t,h(' I'Orl,ml (l(,vi(:c I(ll(>wii as nam(;d dis- 
,jmwtion (Krieger all(l Ncrbonu(! 1!)91). Nan.x\[ 
disjun(q, iolm a.r(' disuucl, iv<' lists ()1 eleluenl,s en 
closed in I',ra.(:l,:el.s an(I S(?\]);I,I;;I,I,('(\[ 16; a slash. All 
eleme.t: <)\[' a nau.~d disi..('l,ion ('a., i. it:s tliPil, be 
a (ualn('d) (lisiUlt(q.i\,<' list. A nallw is sepal:a.l,e(I 
by il,s lisl; through a dash: 
((deln(!nl:l /el(!t|le;tt~/.../(4(m~etH,,)-Iist ii;tlll(, 
'l'l:c ('\](qll<ql(,S ()\[ I,wo idelfl, i('ally i,alnc<l disjuu(: 
(,ioDs (e.g. " all,')ar(' Illa.<le (:ovary in l,/teir r(',N)(,c- 
I,ive ol:dcr. ,,\(:('or( g y .see s- is .ss()('iat,ed wil, h ei- 
I,h<'r ~st, em i.<tcx' r.~/Ol: r(;, .wc.d- wil h a.y ele~mltl, 
of lhe (lis, iun(:i, ive list '(rl; r2: r3; r5)', where ';' is 
1,h<' ()11 o\])eral,()l-. ,ql,elll i.(li(:es arc, also rcl'err(,cl t,O 
(,h(~ir relevard, inlhx:l,iona\] endings (\[in'ough covari 
a.t, io. wil, h the values of "pa.radig\]~,_class'. whMt 
defines l:he se/. ()\[' al)l)rol)riate ilt\[bct.iolml ell(lings, 
and (:orresl)o.ds roughly' t:o l:ho iio(:iotl ol' (tOlljH~{i- 
l,ion ('lass. 
A imradignta.(,ic sclmnm is (m(:ode¢l as a ('otuplex 
elll,ry oF (,yi)(' 'illflc(q,i()nal (!tldittf' whos(' I/liON 
c(ml,ains a lis.i,. ',ix<' lisl, o\[' Imr;tdigllmt, ca y- 
r(qa.t,el\[ (m<lings. 'l'his ia dot.> I)y usiltg the \]~m.cro 
I)<qow, which lakes /m(' more argltln('ulL I, han tim 
umcro In_IK)OT WSI (Io(,s, .mlMy II EA I), spe(> 
ilied f'or cal,egory, agrec~.cnl, aIKl t,c.se-I~Ood h> 
I'on ~ I al, ioll. 
macro( m ENDING WS \[LEX,PHON, INFLEX,HEAD\] , 
ld : (spe c=> spe~ if : {proc_~yl)e->proc t ypo : {c lm->n, 
pr0cass:>y}, 
data Cype->lex:{lex ld >LEX}}, 
sign=>s!.gn :{phon > \[PHON\] , 
constypo->mol phome : t 
morphtype=>~ ending : { lnr lox-> I~IFLEX)} , 
syna~m->synsem ( 
local >local:( 
syn->syn:{ 
cab->hoad..cal, : { 
I'Ioad:>IIEAD}} }}} } ) 
I\]l~like in ItI_I/,O()T.AVSI, I,EX is II(.}l ~/ I('xelne, 
but. a I)arl.ictJla.r (,cus('-IHoo(I sl)('('ili('ai, iou; e.g. 
\])r(-.,4CqlL indicarOve ilt I,h(' e×ttnlple I)el()w: 
v presenB_indicat ive_O - 
m ENDING WS\[ 
Iv presen~ indicagive O, 
( (o/i/(a/e/e)-~v)-pers/ 
(iamo/(a~o/o~e/ite) tv/(ano/ono/ono)-~v) pets) hum, 
xnflox : { inflex class:> Iv , (a/o/t ) -tv\] , 
parad:tgm class=>zer0 , 
stem index-> ( (r2/r3/i 3>~pers/(r t/r 1/r2) pors)-num, 
block->( (pr i~: ' ls '/pr i~ '2s '/pri~ '3s ' )-pors/ 
(I)r l~ ~lp '/prig: '24p '/pr i~t '3p ' ) -pors ) nut\[/} , 
v f inice hoad :{ infl >agroom indox : (pors=> (pl/p2/p3) "pets i 
numb >(sing/phil ) lltlrll, 
u~nso=>pros, 
taood=>IRd}}\] 
St, era indices correlat, e wit, h I,he sei, o\[' infle('- 
(,iona.l endings (for t, he present indica,t, ive of 
'paradigm_class' zero) with which (,hey ca,n oc- 
(:ur. The INI,'LI';X a,rgumcnt (:ontain,'s, besid('s 
pa, radigm cla.ss a,nd paradigm s(:h('.ma, informal;ion, 
(,lie I'ea.ture 'blocl(', whose ula.in pm'l)ose is It,() si,op 
de.f<'cdve verl)s from I)eing in\[le(:ted for 1)a, rt, i(:ula.r 
l)a,radigm cells. 
In (:omplia, nce with (tIC, the same l)a,ra,dignla.l;ic 
schema, is used R)r capturing disl, ril)ut, iona.l redun- 
dan(ties in the selection (ff a.ltcrna.l;ing as well as 
IIOII alterna.dng sLe\]us. For (~xa, ml)le, the entry of' 
l,he regular verb am, a.re below is made uni\[~, with 
I;he pa,ra(ligma, tic schema, al)ove (:hrough WI"I{, 
with no furl;her rea,djust,men(:: i(,s unictu(; stem am,- 
, left, lexica.lly .nsloe(:ified for Imradigmat, ic index- 
ing, ulfifies wil:h any index. 
~ amare 
m gOOT_WSl\[l_amare, 
inflex: {inflex_class=> Iv,a\] , 
paradigm_class=>zero}\] . 
5 The Italian Paradigm Schema 
1 II'(~SQII|: 
indicative 
Is r2 
2s 13 
{{N I'#I 
lie \]l 
2p 
%p 
i:n p(n'f'ee t 
indleal:iw! 
p~lsl. 
in(lieat;ix 
14 
F| I'.l 
iI rl 
kl Jl tl 
12 r 1 14 
indicative sul<i,mctivo sul<iu netive 
15 12 I1 
15 12 I I 
15 12 I I 
\]5 II It 
I',% I1 11 
15 12 ~1 
In'(!S(!n(: l)reseuH. J p#~sl 
inlhfil:lve lmrth:iple I ImrLiciple 
rl I\[ I t(; 
I)resen(: 
rondil:ional 
15 
\] 5 i ;). 
rf, ~ 1 
t5 \] 1 
t5 J2 
l) I'(!S(?II (: 
inn perlO:iw! 
The schenm, a.bove work,.s witch a. fit lly expan&xl 
• 0 / o versio, of (~1(', whet(" deFaulL md xmg f'or al- 
l,ernant,s r.{-r6 are conveni(mtJy sdpulal,cd. 'l'lle 
schema a.(x:ounts for a, ll regula, r Italian wwl)s of' 
any coRiuga,tion (:lass, a,nd for the yam, majority 
of l l, a.lian irregular basic a, nd in(:hoa,l;ive verbs, a,l> 
1)roxima|,ely 450 lexemes. 
In l, he on(l, it, I'a, ils t,o account For 4 irreglrla, r 
verbs oF t, he first (:o.juga,(:ion class (.amely a.- 
dinc, dare, Jarc, ,stem::) only, aml six irregular 
verbs o1' (,he secolid a,.d third conjug.t, ion (avcr~, 
80 
+.'+.<~+ +(, +1o~,( r(, pot,' r+: . .<,u/J+ ~'< . dH(). 'I'll,:'+,:' ()llil 
+iJIl|(Lill~ ("×('<+l>li()il.'-: (:nu \]~<' ('+/I)tHl'('tl (+il.\]ior I)v 
;/(I.illSl,ili ~ l,ho (L",:i~till~ I);q';/~\[i!,~lll+tl,i( . "-,('h¢lll+t, or 
I lirou<~h \[uriJlor ~I.ipul;di(>n <+\[ ;ill ;t(I Ili)(' '~('\]I('\]ll;i. 
'I'll(' Iatl.er l)('\]II~, +I I'ail'ly ll'i',i;ll ~II':tt('f2~.\:. lli'l'(' \vo 
(+()II('('III,IWII,I! ()It t.lw I'(irIii('r ()I\]\]V, uI,id, ~,'<I~tir,'~ ~i+i. 
or uo <:d,llor I'orlll+tl (I,:wi¢~,. 
All It(> I ~ I>iti'+tJill<lilt~ +'XCt('l'*{li(ll/,'4 +h;It'o lh+:' l)l'()l). 
(>I'\[..V 01' ¢<ml'c,r;liiii~ t.+.> llhO l>+iradi~ii;lili< . +.-.('It(,~ii+ll 
;iI)ovo ¢>nlv l>at'lially. .\ ,~(++>+I +'x;l,++l+l¢ ix t h<' 
\])re+,:>l/\[l ilt<li<ativ<' or i)()\.l,',l~I I,} ('+litlSt'): 
(1' I' ' '(<l/t, +H++ t I\] " II 
+l<dd~ +(tp+t++ ++~, m+~-I ' tl+ I\] 
+l,,, , l, '+v+a iit,+-i' ,i > i t 
U, v ,or,, "111, ,i ilt.-t' :l > i 
'rile l:,ara(liKm <lol);It't;< lr<)lll I llo l);ll';t{li)Jll;iI.ii' 
,'4('\[I+:'IIl~I 0\]' l.wo+mlt ill(lic;/I.ivo (l'<'l)o;llo(l \]u,ro \[<w 
<'<>llV('lii<'l~¢+:' ill !,it'i(I I) ii~ I.w+> i<,+l>O,t.-,: lift:i., l.li,:' 
llii++in:,- ~'r/ a.IIx'rllaiII, is r('l,I+.('~I I>\ ~L, ~,,t I',,, r/. 
~lot'oov,:'r I/ IJil((% I.li(' ¢oll H' tit<' s(.c+:>ll,I \[,croon 
l)lill'nl +:rely. \vhilo t.ho <+('ll ~>i' tit'+t, l++:,r,-,()n l>lura\[ I)(' 
ili~ IiII('d ill I;v i. llo l'lirl.hcr ;IIt.('Ill;lilt Job/,-. 'I Ill.-. 
Ic.×ic~iI enl.ry of I)()'v'I,',II I,',: 
,10 ,.,e r e + 
m ROOT ~fSt\[\] ,:iovolo, 
(dov/d0bb/dov) alt , 
tnfl0x {lnll0x class >\[v,o\] , 
par ad i\[4m c lass=>:<c,r 0. 
~;1;01~1 i\]ldo× >(tt/rt/(t'Z;t3)) a~t:, 
block-;" ( ( +t)l tl ' t l) ' ) /prt~ ' Ip '/. ) 41t}\] 
u'horo b<~l,Ii dol~- +/till dohh- ;lro ;l~E~;llo, I I,\]w 
+~\]I}}(' +t.+:'l\]l iH<h'x ~l t'lli ;~r¢ i',ro\'<.t:l,'<l fr<,lll I)c 
ill K ;l+,'qiKn+:'~ i.llo +aillo i>~ll'+uli~4iil~tlic c,,ll+ I.\[i~lill,:+ 
t(~ I.hc I'¢al.lii',:' 'l>loul,:. /)ou- is ~/,-,.-,+:)<'ini=c/i wit.h 
\[.ho '1)1+,+<'1,: v+lluo N()'r I"I{K'ql\]NT IN I)I( t.Vrl\.l,\] 
ANI) I,'III,S'I' I)l,tJll.\l, (~q)ri,\"ll~'), lll+:~auin K 
l, ll+lt, (/07J- i~ I>h'>d,:<-~l \['1'()111 ~\]lC)\\'ili<<,_'; Ul> ill l,\[l~/.t, 
¢o11. lii ii,+ l,Urll, (/(JL,/,,- i,;/Ico+ i,\[ie lJ\[oc\],; \,~tltle 
I>l~,l,',HI,\]N'r INI)l('.Vrl\'rl ~\] ANI) I,'llIH'r I~l,t i 
ILAI,. \vhicll illo~/n..q l.ll~/i, il. i.-, ,ll,,w,,~l i~> ~,~'('ur 
iii Illnt. coil <lul.y. .\cc(+i'<litl~z;l\' llio tlli<._'>l';/ililil;/li 
(';If +1.1'i11<.~4 ~+/()tW(I//lO ;tli(I ;d(/)h(l+ ;il'~' rlllo<l ()Ill., 
(luo I,() i.h+:' <'lush, ill \VI;l{, I)(q,w(,Cl\[ 111¢ \,;t\[li<:.~ or 
-I>1o<.1.~" +l~<,(,ili,-~<i ill i.h¢ I('×otlle elil,rv ~lil~l I\]i¢ col'. 
t'eSl>()ndili~. A \mluo+ o\[' ;tli inllocl,i~ui~ll oiuliliQb 
6 Discussion 
l'(t'io~or aI,d N(wl)olU,e (I!)!)I) illtl-.l\]';li¢ ;l,l ;Ip 
Dl'<>ncll I(+ ilIIlo<'IliOtl ',vher<'l>y l>al'mli{L;.,llm ;,l'+' ll,+:)~I 
('tl+:'(l ~ts +11,+,'ltll'/I('Ii ('lllll'i(>'4 {)I' l,Vl>O 'wlir{\]", ('()till;till 
ill, K <li:-{iuil<'Livo li+i'~ (>r ill\[\]o<'lli<)tl~I\[ oi,lilu+ir~ uhidl 
;II'(' llla(h' u+:>v+try iu i>+trnlhq ;vitl~ It,, l'{'I{'\qIllll 
~IU;'C'Olll('llL \['('+It,tll't> v+lltl(','-l, ~I.It{i t,t'nil:'~l ;ll'lcr a (lilt 
<lor,~l><'dN('+l) +il+:'\]ll ill lib+:' I'II()IX ;lilt'il~tltl('. .\d- 
clw(lillv;ly, ~I l);ir;uli~,~,ill is Vi+:'\hrC(I ;i~ it It()(\[( + ill ;I 
h>×h;aI \]li(~r;ll'(:lly. \\rll()+(' h,~w(,+ ;ti<' ill<, \[)at'ti+'alar 
h'xicnl ,:mt.ri,x-: whi+:+, inlu~ril, tho l)a.radi~.m <:,I' l.l,+'ir 
ill+::>t.hcr l~o,:le. Moreovor, tlo para.di~ilml.h' +<'Itcilla 
i~ ro~ot't.+:,J I.o. llowe;,~,r cc>Itc+:q~t.u;_tlLv mint., l.lli~ 
al,+l++rom'h i.'+: llof iml+lelt+etd.alq,:' in ;i tlloli+:)t(ulic 
l'~>rulali:<nl .~uch ~!+ AI,I"+IL wll+:>ro +:IN'aull. illhori 
t;~mr aml <,v('rridiJL~ r:r+:> re>t..~ttlq>Orl.c~l. Ill ollr a I) 
I~rom'h, ~t vorl)\]~ll'+uli~iil ix I)ro~\]m'ed ~l.~ ill+ ~ t'e+ull. 
ul'uonlbiuiu~ +t set. o\[' imle×od +l.eill.~ widl +ul ,Imro 
i:,rial.,:' E+I.++ o\[ iMl<"m.ional emliu~ d~rou~h a +in~l<> 
F, arn+:liKnm..I.ic ~,('h+:'llla. 'lho \]>a.ra+:li~ liali<' :.+;¢h<qiia 
l,~I, +i (,+llii+:H} +:li+i,tu,'dve list, or hilly SlX,cifio+:l (~il 
i I.io+ (,+\[' t.ypo "hillecl i<mal <'mlil~ ~ , <'~i<:Ii ('olliF, el.in~ 
wiill 1,11,:> ()l.ller,'< f()r ,+m,:' or ili,:,+r,:' +l)eE\[ic c,:ql(s) ill 
it,, l>armli~tll. 'rh+:~ al>l)ro~uql nial,:e+ il. l>u+.Hl,+h' i.o 
dli~1.er v,:>rl,++ iu ¢OUll>nrrU.iv,q.'v re,,v, lli~hly ll;iI.il 
r~tl liu~ui...+i.i¢ <'la+++:~:-,, r:ho:viuM ,Ji\[r+:>r~,~d. imt, l,eltl+ ~>\[' 
~t.,:'lli in,.lexiiIK, ;vii.h a. o:milmral.ivEy +('nui.y I'el,:'r 
\[<~h'e o\[' \[ornm\[ umali.'q (it+:.+ ntml\]l+:mol.ic Ol)et'nl.i~m.< 
l~,i~t~ ro+c, rl.,~.d l.o). All.rag oMlor Lhill~+, il. siill 
i~lilio~ h'xical eN<',=,din~ coH~M,::r+iI:,l.\,: i\]l+:' cr,:>rtl.ioll 
,~i' ;i new I~;/.r~tdi~m ,.h,+o,~ l \] ~ ) II l'e,:luire itlllr(:>~Im't.i(m 
()I' +I liCW'/ llode iu +i le×ical hiernrchy, wil.h l:,ix.,sil~l+' 
ro,,'rr~IW>\]m'Hl. ~)l' h~wer ,~od~.~, but. :-.iH~lq+' mhliii<m 
of' ;i m'\v +of or ,'~om:r+:q.elb +p+:'¢ili<H eNl.rio.,<. 
'lhi+ alG~ro+u'h c,+,+iiipal'('+ l'avoilrallly \vit.ll ;i ,'<',il 
la~nlal.ic 'lhvo-l,e',.,d \[~lorr>h,:4offy ('II,~I) ll'eal. 
t~to,i. +:~\[' l,+ar~idi,~tmlt.iu +tl(>lll ~I\[i,("l'll+lILLS ,'4('(!\]l U,'4 il\]- 
~ {l \[\]l i ( {{~S { )\[l lfl1~moh,+Kic+lily c(.}IvliLi()II(X\[ sUl)l~lot.i(m. 
Ill Ill+lii+lll ;I sili~h' I)+ll';i(li~lll+llli( ' s('llellia (wllh'll ,(' 
{ i() i \] I \] 11~, t,+:)~('t,h(!r \~,'itril (tiC:, l'or +tlt l'<>~lll;ir \,,q'l),~ 
;tn+l \['or 1.50 out (+\[' .'ld() it're~ula.r vr.rl>s) d<++:'+ ilh(! 
.iol) +:)I' +I l,lu,l>er +:4' 'l'l,t'vl rule:+ tUal)l,+ilt ~ iml'rt(li+- 
ItiiII.i(: allo\]uor\])h+ ()lit.() ;ll),"qi,l'~i({i. ,'~i.O\]I\]:q. Not.ill)l},, 
ll()ll +lit .';i,Olti nlt,ertlalii,s u+++><l l,+e imlexe,:l itl t.\]lo l+:'x 
i(+(>ll. SOliiO ()1' I, hc'llt, I'(>\[(H:\['("(\] I.O ~/,<"; Sylti;,~/~lil,~tl;iC 
:-;(;(;nL nlt;,c;:i.'\].mili;s iu (.lie \[il.(+llhl, tll'(' (~\[,lllll I) I!)!).~)), 
~l\]'(} I.l'(}\[It,(>(\[ +l~ ~(mttilio il\]+l, Fl\]l('(>,~; ()\[' i)\[iOllOhL~h.;l\[I} , 
('()it(lil,\]oh(>(l +li\[)i)I(%ic)ii, ;'tll(\] l,hu+ l,+t\[<Oll ('+ir(' (}I l),v 
n .~{q'~+ll'~It.e +l",v<> I,<~',,el cotiil>OlienI,. .qylll.+I~ItFtt.ic 
+t,('\]ll +lll,(>\['I\]\[/llt,S v,,l+ich, ulflik(' I)~t.I';/CIi~IIV, IIlil ' ()lit>+, 
~,'(:ttr ill II,~tli~ul ,,vit,h bol,h t'<'~uh/r ;lllcl it'ro~tll;,r 
\{'l'l}+, hl'O llot; COilS\](Iol'OCI I'lll!Illl(q' hero. 
ViliMIy, il. i+ v.,orIJl m)t.ilLK t.hal. I.h+:' i>r,.>i,+<).-:,:'~i 
i~a.rmli~mr:I.ic aF, im:mch worI,:s in Kenorr:.t.ion as ,.roll 
~t~ in ,u+IIy~i~ ;1.t. m,+ u+:Idid,'ma.I <'onlImt.ati(mal ¢(~:.-:I. 
~4' ile+cril>llive +:XX)II()IiIV +lIut (h><:larall\]VillV. 
7 Ilul)rovement;s aud conc|us\]on 
(ii(', lii~l<,:,+ r<fler(mco I.o l>o+it.i+:m+ll \,;/luc~ ill N,' 
l~ara<li?4~l oIIly, ++) l.ha.l..'-:l.,:>i~i ;1,\[l,~q'lllttll,,'q ;II'u Ill 
<l+:':':+,:'<l r<'iM.ix'e I.o b.:ira.< i~lll~Lt,i+:: ~ "II+ (o.~. ,~ecoll(l 
l>+:q'.':on :-,inKular or l)r+:>sold, il,qic, fiv<,), m:>L t+:+ i, 
llci~ml. Formal H'ol~+~lq.i~s Et.h,~r o\[' l.h+:qr+ or or dloir 
8 :L 
inflc<tiona.l en(litlgs, iu I(('q)iug wilh IAII. In l;he 
(:urreut itul)lemel,t.a.t.ion, all st.cnt a.ltcrna.nt:s o\[' a. 
c(wta, in verl)a.re i,Mexc(I, within the rr>leva.nt lexi- 
ca l eut.ry, in pc(tc.s('nlia, l.\]la\[, iS t:ht+ough fhlll list;ing, 
so we miss t:he gcneralizalio,i l,lmt the same t,ypc 
of st,ctn alt, ernat.ion t.akcs i)lm:c in more t, hau one 
entry (sa.y I)ot;h in VENIIH,; ;me\[ 'I'F, NI';I~IS;). (lep- 
ta.July, a nlore highly va.lu{~(l lexicou should a.lso be 
able. to Cal)IAn:e this reshmdancy. \Vithh~ I,h(~ a.p- 
l>roac h su gg(.?s{,("(- h +.'l'O, &l/<:lsil y i, n a gi n e(l sol tit, ion 
is tha.t the loxical value of rodtmda.nt stem a.tter- 
na,t,t,s is al)st, t:a.cted a wa.y from auy such t:(+dtmdant, 
properties, which a.rc st, ored in a Sel)a.rat.e "mo+t;a.- 
entry". Full lexi<:a.l entries axe t:hen cranked ()tit; 
t.hrough tmilication o\[' these selm.ra.t.(' pieces of in- 
forlna.t.iou, a. root a.li.(;rnant, such as vc~Lcl- being 
t,hus l)rodu(:<~(I t, hrough (:on(;al,(matiot~ of v- told 
-(m/-. However simph'., this soh,l,ion is impossi- 
ble t.o implement in A I,EP, where a string tl\[l- 
(lergoing lexicon look--up is always an atom (as 
Ol)pOSC(l t;o a, list,). \¥it;h a pa,rsimonious use of 
formal mca.ns, it. ca.ti uonetJtetcss I)e iml)lomcntcd 
in Evans a.nd Gazdax's \[)ATR quite st, ra.ight.fof 
wa.rdly (Evans a.nd (;azdar lg.q0, 19!15). 
I/y wa.y of' (:onclusion. ore: eXl)(~rience shows 
tha.t: i) tam infle(:t;iotml morphology o\[' It, a.lia.n ix 
a.n inventory of bot;h int0rnally- }/.ll(I cxt;e.rnally- 
rcla.t, ed pa.radigms rather ~han an inventory of un- 
related morl)hcutes; it) pa.radigms de\[ine highly 
ua.l:ural intlocting <'la.sses; iii) if' looked a.t; a£ an 
a.pproprial,c level of a.bstraction, they exhibit a. 
strikingly uniform and simple und(q:lying l)attern 
el+st, era distril~ution: the pa.ra.digma.t,ic schctna.; iv) 
a. paa:a.digma.tic schema, is declarative, and works 
well in both word a.nalysis a,nd gcnera.t,ion; it relies 
on a u~itfimttm of word st,r,mtur+~ rule sl;il)u/at, ion; 
v) it; allows for a. <:ousideral)\[(> level of descript:ivc 
e(:onol:liy: in li,a.lia.i~ a. sitigle s(:lletlla (in (:oml)i- 
tla.Liou wit,la GI(',) is found \[,o hold for a.ll rcgula.r 
v(~rl)s, a.w.l \['or 450 ()tit. of q60 irregular verbs; vi) iL 
(:au I)c ignor(~(t only at the fa.irly high I)rice of writ- 
ing a. good many ad hoc rea.djustmenl; rules; vii) 
finally, it, is noi, cornpul;ationally greedy it, ea.n be 
implo+nmnt,ed even ill lean 111OllOl;Ollic \['r;M?leworks 
such as AI,EP. 
(*) All ideas of this pap('r arc the outcome of a .ioinl; 
effort; for the sp('cific c()llcel+lts o1' the \[l;aliau Academy 
only, V. Pirrelli is reSl)onsil)/e Ibr st,.(:t.ions I, '2, () and 
7, M. Ilat~.ista for se.(:~ions 3, .t and 5. 
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