Resolving syntactic ambiguities with lexico-semantic patterns: 
an analogy-based approach(*) 
Simonetta Montemagni 
l'm:, O. La sas 
via, d(;I l:~orgl-wJ;to 35 
I)isa,, 561100, ITALY 
siln oq*) i \] c. I)i. cn r. i 1; 
Stefano Federici 
Pa.r.O. La sas 
via, (\[el 13orghetto 35 
I)is~t, 56100, H'ALY 
.~teth.no~,!ih:. pi.cnr.it 
Vito Pirrelli 
ILC-(?NR 
via (lell~t l:~ggiola 39 
Pisa., 561126, ITAI,Y 
vitoOilc, pi.cnr.it 
Abstract 
A system for the resolutio~ of synLa.(> 
Lie a.mbiguities is illusl;ra.teel whi(:h op 
era.tes on ,norifl/o-synl;act;ica.lly a.u:d)igu- 
ous st, I~,iect-objecl; a.ssig,, nmnts i, 1Lal Jan 
a.ud tries t.o find the .,ost likely aua.lysis 
(Ill \[;\[/e I)asis ()\[' I;h(: cvid('m:c co,,ta,ined 
it, a knowledge Ira.so of linguistic data. 
a, ut, otna, tica.lly ('xtra,et(~d from on-liue re'.- 
sources. The system works o. I;he ha.sis 
of a. set of sl.ra.ight;forward analogy based 
princil)les, ll;s performa.nce on a sulssta.n- 
tial corpus of l;est da.I;a. (~xl;ra.ct;e(I from 
real texts is des(:ril)ed. 
1 Introduction 
In this pal)e.r, a syst(;n, for the resolut;ion of syn- 
Ca.el;i(: ambiguities is illusl:rated: Se,SOK- the 
SEl:naNtic Sul)je(:l;-OI)j('x:l: (lisaml)igua.(.ol{- ()per- 
ales o,t n,orpho., synl;a.cth:a.lly aml)iguous sul)ject- 
object assignmenl.s in I t;a.lia.n a.,(l tries to tind the 
most likely analysis I)y using the (widence con- 
ta.ined in a. knowhxlge ba.se of linguistic da.ta, auto- 
ma.t.ically e.xtra.(::ted firom machine reada.I)le (lictio- 
uaries (Ml{.I)s), bolJ~ ta,xo, lomie in\['orma.tion and 
('xaml)le s(mt;e.(:es. The syste, n works on the I)a, 
sis of a set o\[' st.ra.ightforwa.rd a\]m.logy-lm.sed 1)tin - 
ciples whi(:h ha.ve I)e(m used for a wide range of 
NLI ) a.lfl)licatio,s (I)irrelli el: a.l., 1!).()2; Monte- 
magni et a.l., 1994; I,'e.derici et al., 19()6). Both 
inherent semanti(: l)rOl)erdes of words (as embod- 
ied by taxonomical relationships) and word (listri- 
I)utiona.l l)rOperties (as a.ttest<;(I in cxanq)le sen- 
tences) are exl)loited as a clue l;o the most likely 
'1 b.lecI. {.)l>j(,,t. /~8~iglltttc:n(. (S()A). 
We start, with a.n illustration of the pa.rsing 
problem, I:o move on to a (:onsideratio. o\[' the na- 
ture of the lexieo-sema.ntic knowledge usa.Me for 
its solution. SenS()l/.'s Knowledge Ba.se (KI3) is 
then described, l.ogel, her with the fimcdon which 
projects mnbiguous SOAs onto KB in the search 
for the best ca.ndidate a.mdogue.. 'Pwo (liffere.nl; 
tests of S(mSOll.'s perforln~mce are illustra.ted and 
discussed in some detail. I,'inaJly, further improve- 
ments a.re sketched a.nd other possible a.pplic~-~tions 
of tlm system envisaged. 
2 The problem 
A crucial problem in pa.rsing Italian is tll(; assign- 
menL of subject a.nd object relations to sentence 
constituents. It, is ot'te.n the case that grmmna.l:- 
ieal relations cannot be a.ssigned unambiguously 
on the basis of morpho-syntactic informa%ion only: 
in the sentence il bambino leggc il libro 'the child 
reads the book' agreement information is not de- 
cisive for SOA sin(y, both nominal constituents 
agree with the w;rb. On the other hmtd, word of 
der informa, tioll cannot be relied on con(:lusively 
due to the freedom allowed in the ordering o\[' sen- 
tem:e constituents in Italian, where virtually all 
permutations of verb, subjeel; ~utd object a.re pos- 
si hie. 
The and)iguities sl;emming fl:om this \[\]:e+'dom 
are ubiquitous and represent a problem fbr a.ny 
NI,P system dealing with Ira\]Jan, a. proMem to 
whose resolution a wide wwiety of fa.ctors, bol;h 
linguistic (i.e. phonological, morphologi(:al, sy, 
tactic, lexieo-semmltic a.nd pragmatic) a.nd ext.ra- 
linguistic (i.e. ba.sed on world knowledge), con- 
tril)utes, llere, we (:oncentral:e on how morl)ho- 
synta,etiea,lly ambiguous SOAs can I)e solved on 
the basis of lexico-semantic knowh'dge; in pa.rtieu- 
lar, the focus is on the texieo-sema.ntic restrictions 
that a. verb or a noun imposes on its context. 
3 On the nature of lexico-semantic 
knowledge 
'\['he lexico-sem~:mdc knowledge used for our pur-- 
poses consists of typical Verl)-Sul}jecl,/Object 
(VSO) co-oecllrrence patl;erits~ &ul;orn&tieal|y ac- 
quired from MI{Ds, whose single elements are ex- 
376 
i)i'++ss++<l as individual words. 'l'hes+, I)al, torns ;/.re 
ol' a tiel,orc)k,jenoc, its nnl, nl'o ;t.li(I i'Ol;,rf':<elit+ both lil,- 
<>l'n.I and \[igur;il,iv++ (nicq,oiiyiliical +)i' ilt+'lnl)lioricnl ) 
usages; fbr in,~l,a.ii(:e, I;lic s(+t, ()\[' I,yl)ical </l>.i<,<~t,s or 
tit+> vcrl) bcr++ +¢ll'inlc' r+illgOS I'1'o111 +++.\[\]7' '(~o11'c(¢ i,o 
f>T+'('\]l?;f'l'¢ '~J+/Sfi' title\[ /,I(ll';Hlrl "~;as+Jlin¢". '1'1i% ,r ('(+)r 
l'(>,~gj)o\[/c\[ I,c) itlOlO ()1' I('ss (X)llSl.l'l/ilt(!(\[ %V/)I'(I (tOlill)ilHI. 
i,i<)us wllidl ili(:lllcl(~ i(liosyll('l+aLic ('(+ll()<:;l+l,i()ns (as 
ill ¢ioll#ltlf'~/f'T(-(l.'+;.<+;cL'i:';/#lio 'COIIIIIliJ, IIIIII'CI(W ~, \vJit' t>(~ 
a<'~sft.s',siH, iO <:;l.iilIOI, I)o rq)ht(:('<l I)y aiO, qqiiali{,i. 
ca.lly e<.lniv;il(~ni, word su(:il it.,': u('+'i+Tr>#t( "killill~') 
;~,', wNI a.~ i',;'plular (to-()(t(NIl'l'l+qi(~o i'e~i,i'{cii+ms (as iii 
+t/H+7'l'+:-\]JO#'l(! 'Ol)t'~ll (l(),.)i". W\]i~'l'(! \]J(>i'/+7 i.<4 a I,.vl>icM 
illSl,;}ltC.('~ +.)\[' t,\[il'> class of "()IJ(~tinl)\[l'¢ ' ¢,i,i.ds). 
,+"gnch a. t,yl)oh:)gy ol + dal,a I'a.i,~(>,~ 1.\[l+' (liLeM.ion 
<)1' vvli(qlher ;t.mt how well I);il, l.~l'lis aC(lliii'ed i+i+oni 
did,i()narie,~ ;t.ll(\[ (~xl)ress,:~(I ill \[,(Wills C)\[' iltdivi<l 
Ila.\[ wor(\]s <:;i.ll I)c use.d \]'l)r (\]isnliihi~na.l,ion i)iir 
i)os(m:. In I,he i'(~cenl~ lil,<+i'rtt;nr+L 'l'sliiii ~i~ a.I. 
(1!)97) a.ii<:l i lira+It<' ;t~+l I/.<)oi,ll (19!);I) a.iiioii<u; (+l,li 
('I'S IIS(' \[)lIFO word co o(t(Hll'l'(ll(tO ilil'orlli;/.i,ioii ~l(;- 
qitire(i l'rolll I,cxl,u;li ('()ll)Ol+;t For (l(';iliil<% wii.h i);!1',~ 
iii~ i)r()l)leiii,~ sn(:h ;is I)r('l><~sil,it+>iial I>llr;tst~ at.l,~ldi- 
liieiil.+ I,~'xi~'nl acqtii,~il.ioii is ('at'rie(I (~til. + ii I~ll'<<<_+;( ' 
t,(!xl~nal (!()l'l)(;,i+;t I)y lil,TqiliS ol'sl,ai,isl.h'al t.echiiiqii~s, 
;vliere.I)y (~ax:h i)a.ir ol + (~() ()(:(:ili'liil~ woi+(I,<~ {~ Slil)- 
i>licd wii, h ;t lii(:ilSlll'C of i,heir n,~social.ioii sl~r~ii~/,h. 
(lle;irly, when il, COllie,'-, 1,o +lnl,n n(~qliired J'l'Olii 
dhq,hma,rics it, lii;/.l(eS liO SOli,<4(' I() I+(~l\: ,~)li lii(W/~ilt'eS 
of~lsso(~hll,ion ~t;l:eli{>~l~h, ;is e;idi i)al.ix~rn is lisuall.v 
nl.t,(!si,ed olily oii(u:L t~lor~'o\:er, t.lie (+vera\[I lililllllCl + 
of (lift'+~r<mi, (~xi, rad,e(I i)al,l;(q:iis i~ c+'ri.aiilly ,~lil~lller 
I,ha.n if i, he acqni~ii+ion ~,,;(~i'(~ I)(rf(n'titecl ()It largo 
l,~xi, n0.1 (:orl)ora.. 'l'his iiia.kes /.ll<' is<~tie ()f g(~ii(q'a.li 
s;i.l,ion ov<~r in(tivi<.lu;t.I l)al, t,+n'ii;~ lii(>l'O ('ru('i;il 1,ha.n 
,,.viLh (tai;a acqnired \['lK)iii t,+xi,naJ (~()l'l)()i'n. 
'l'rn(lit, iona.I (~XaJlil)l(~-Ims+~(i \[,e('inlRlnc~ a(l(Ir(~ss 
iJlis is~iie I)y ushi~ n. 1,h(~,~a.nrlis 1,(i (';llculal,e. I,he 
lllal,(:h I)el,we(~n i,he hil)ul, t,o I>~' disainl>iEita.t,+~(l ~tli(l 
I,he. I(iiowii exa.nll)les. 'l"(,i,, t, li(~ l,li,:~s~itii'ii,'.~ (:a. I) 
I,ill'eS only (:<,rl;n.in kiiids ()\[' r(~lal;it+JliS\]til)~ I)('i,w(~(m 
w()rtls, iitt.iii(~Ly syiioiiynty an(I liyl)(~roii):niy, r(!la 
I;ioil~ whMi (Io nol; ('xh~i.liSl, i,h~' lilaiiy sali~iii, dis- 
i,iiid,ioi~ all+(,(q, ing v,,or<l ('() o('cii/'l'l:li(!o. 'l'hi<~ i)oiui, 
lias I)e.<"ti raised in t,he (~xa.iill)l(!-I)n~e(I lil.eral, ul+(~ 
I)y Nire:nl)ur~ el; al. (199:I) au~l t}rani<)t.o (199:1): 
iii or(ler I,o (~oiiil)l<'nieitl, l, li(~stt.ui;i/\[ r01al, iOlishJ\])s, 
Nit~onl)llr~ el; ;I.\]. i;c.sorl, I,o iliOl'l)\[io\[()Tj(~nl ili\['Ol'lit:+l. - 
I,ioii a.ncl a.ni,on.yiiis, wli(~re.a.s (\]rn.liiOl,O iis(~:-+ '+(x)n 
.innd,iv(~ r~;~hti, i<)lishit)s" a(:qnired \['l+(llil ('Ol'p()l'Ft. (i.(". 
w()r(Is, stich as se({ileli(:(~s ()1' ;/.(:l, if)ii,,4, wlliNi al)l)enr 
i,o~'l,lier hi (:oot'(linat,+~(l sl;rli(:l,tlr('s). 
~(:t;s o\[' S(~lii;i.lil, ici+..lly siniila.r v,;()rds ('n.li al~() Im 
ili\['(,i;r<,d I'roiii l.h(>ir (I\]sl,vi\])tit;iou (llarris, I!)($~): 
~mch liOllll (';/11 I)e Ntaract,+'ris~'¢l a(:cordiu:>~ i,cJ 1,\[1(~ 
v(,.rl)s it~ a.l>pea.rs ~,vit;l~ as a stil)je.(:l; or ol)icc(~; situi- 
larty, ca<:h vel'l)(:a.u t)c classilicd ott tlhc basis of t, ttc 
s,tl)j(;ct~ or ol)j<+('i, nottNs it <~<)-<)<:<'ur+ wit;It, Words 
o(:<mi'rhlg iu t, hc s;une cont, e×t, cau bc <:ta'~siii+>d 
+is sema, utica, liy simila, r, a, lt,hough i,he sintiht.rii~v ill 
t, his (:asc is gi'omMe.d on some t:ovcrt; t)rol>crl,i<+s, 
as shown l>y lliudh+' (l,()!)()) who <h;rivt~d s(>ulattt, i- 
tally rcta+i,cd dasscs uf notltls \['l:Otit L\[IOiI' Syltl,~IC- 
i,iC disl;ril)ttt, iou. lit lJte (+xa, nil)le-l)a,s(>(l lilx;ra, t, ur<~, 
a. conl;ext,-I)a.sed a.l)l)ron.(:h is a.dol)l,c(t l)y I\]rn.lrlol;o 
(1!)94) t)ul, is i:csia'ici,(x| I,o l;llc l;r+;i.iA, ine.nl, o\[ + till 
J<:nowli wor(Is only. 
~ll Ill nti lig tt i)> l)a.t,t, ern:-; n.llt,Oil ia.l;i(:aJ ly cxi;ra.('t,e(l 
fl'(liii M lt.I)s are hl".t,c:l'Og(+nl;OllS iii l,heh' iinillr(~ 
+lli(l CtmSl;llL, ltl,l+ it relal, ivel,y sln;t.tl collect, ion (>1' dai,a 
which II(;('.(i Im g('.nera.lis(;(l ('>v(~r sonl(~ii()v,:. (',lcarly, 
any sel\[Ll0al'nhigj a,lgorii;tiui t,ra.iucd ou i,heln lia:; 
to i)ro('ec(I vvit, h (:arc, l,hrongJl st,Cl)VViSo ca.nl,ious 
i ii\['e+i:encc's ra.l;/le.r t, ha.ii sw+'cpili~ ~('.n<+rnlisni, iou,,,. 
An a.l)l)rOl)rii:/Le hlFer(mt, i;_tl sl,l'rt.l,e~y +lioiild exl)loii, 
bolh hiherenl, soiiin.ililic I)rof)erl,ies of word,--: (as re- 
\[l+>ci,<+d I)y l,hesatlra.I i'ela.l,ionshit)s ) ;tit(t disi,rilm- 
I,ioilal shuilarit, ics. 
4: llesolution of ambiguous SOAs 
,<'dcuS()l~, is a. specia.liscd vct'sion o\[' a. ~m<~ra.I Imt'- 
l>O,se, lauguage-h.+at:ning sysi, ctn (l:cdcrici, I~.}!)I; 
Pirrclli, l!)!J:I; l:c(l<~rici el. aJ., 1.994). Ana.logy i~ l.lm 
fulKlmlictlt, a.l priucipl~' which lies bchhld ils fulu: 
t.kmiug aud archil,ecl,ur+L lh'oa.dly ,N>~m.kin0~, g<ul.. 
~ralisa.i, iou I)y analogy is dNiucd us I+ll(, itlf'crcmi, ial 
ilmul/i,iery l,hrough which ;tu uukt/own liu~ui~l;ic 
oh,loci; (l;li~'; "i~a,rge+(, ol).iecl," or '1'0) is .,-;+'on a:-: au 
aua, logue I,o a,lrca.dy l,:n<:::ll ol)ject;s (l;h(~ "l)asc oI) 
,iecl,s" or l}().s) so l, ha.I; wha,l,,r~v<,r l)iec(, of (lillu;ui.,-, 
t, ic) hlforma, i, ion is a<xluirc<l a.l)oul, i,ho la,l+l~¢~r can 
l)e use, d t,o nt;d,:e l)re.di(:i;ion,~ M)out l,\[ie l'ortne.r I+oo. 
\[°or l~he l)res('nl; l)ttrl>os('s, this tltea, t)+s l,h;i,t, a,n ~i,iii 
l)iguous BOA is solved on i, lt(~ ha,sis of ii,s a, naJogy 
t,o a, lrca,dy \['a.tuiliu, r scttlx+tmcs whose gl'a.\[ll\[lln, Lic;:l.l 
rela.lAons a.ro Mrca,(ly known. 
Sctff:;()l~,'s hfferc, tH,iaJ roui;inc rc(itdrcs: i) a, 
st, L'uct;tn'+2d (la,l,a, sel~ o\[' l~()s ,:'.ottsl;il, ul+hlg I(I}; ii) 
a, 'I'0 I,o I)e inl;erpret:ed; iii) a, l)esi,-a, naJogti(>(s) 
f'ilt~Ct, ion l)roj(+,(:|,hlg 'l'O onLo l(l} for l,he best, a.na- 
logut';(>+-+) Ix)l)e, select,e(l. 
4.t The, inl, e, rnal archlf, e+cf,-u:rc of KB 
'l'h<'. ittt, e.vuaJ orga,nisa, t, ion of l(l} pl;i+ys a, crucial 
role iu l,he, infcrent, M rout;i tlc of t;he sysl;cln. 
4.1.1 ll,(3)r(~,s(',l.itation of 1).a.<.+e (d).i(+,('+t;s 
l,ci, us lit'st, consi(le+r how t, lte VSO l)a, tt;crns a(> 
<l,t iced fr<.>~ u a. di(;tiot t;/.ry so tl t;c,;+ ++l.l'(~ t'orli ~a lisexl a.ud 
st;(>r+',d, lit l;lie (:urreul, I(I~ all l)at, i,crns cousi+t, (ff 
377 
two elements: a Verb and a Subject; (VS pattern), 
or a. Verb and a.n Object (VO l)a.ttern), h',ach pa.t- 
tern is assigned a two-level representation consist- 
ing of a set of "inllerent features" describing its el- 
ements (context-indel)endent representat, ion), and 
a set of "relational feai, ures" specifying the role of 
each element within the lexieo-semantic context 
described 1)y the pa.ttern ((:ontext del)endent rep- 
resenta.tion), as exemplified in (1) below: 
( I ) LI¢(HH'HII'J-LIBHO/O 'I~EAI)-IJt)¢H(/O' 
~inherent feat ....... lational features \[ 
Vevl;(LtO(;GI'2RI'2) Pvedieate(LE(;¢,'l?l?I2) 
Noun(LIBI?O) Objecl:(LIBIDO) 
In the top line, an identifying label is providecl 
(L~'aa~7etX-Lm~O/O), where '70" (short for 
"Object") specifies the syntactic relation of the 
nom~ relatiw' to the verb. In the left cohmm, 
the inherent lea.lures of each element of the pa.t- 
tern are specilied. Since (I) i\]luslrat.es the sim- 
plest possible l)at, tern, i.e. a word co-occurrence 
pattern, Noun and Verb slots are filled in by ac- 
tua.lly occurring texemes only, encoded in capital 
letters. In the right cohmm, containing relational 
? * ~? ? features, LL(,(fLI~E is cha.racterised as the "pred- 
ica.te" with respect to LIIH~O, and LIIII~O as the 
"el)jeer" of LEC(H'311'2. 
More complex lml.i,erns ca.n 1)e envisaged: e.g. 
ta.xononaica.l information can be associated with 
nouns and/or w~rbs, as shown in (2): 
(2) LI'2G(~l,21H¢ LlI3I~O/O 'I~EA/) BOOK/O' 
inherent feettules telzttionM featmes 
~LEGGPTRI,) ~(Ll','(7(ll~I~\]¢ 
tl~tcl pretare/ll ) ~I~terprctar¢ /ll ) 
pt*bbltcazione/H) ptlbblicaztom/\[I) 
Taxonomical information is cm:oded in lower- 
ease: intcrpretare/H means that the verb inter- 
p~wl, a'~w 'interpret' is the H(yperonym) of LEG- 
Gfs'HE. More genera.lly, nn "/X" suffixing a. low- 
el:case string specifies the sort of semantic rela.tion 
(X) linking the sullixed string with the aettl0,\] \]ex- 
eme (in uppercase). 
4.1.2 Core patterns 
The patterns considered so far do not exha.ust 
the t.ypoh)gy of linguistic inl'Ol:ma.tiou possil)ly 
stored in KI3: more a.bsl.ract patterns, general(s- 
ing over a.etua.lly a.ttested ones, axe a.lso stored on a. 
pa,r with actuM co-occurrence 1)atterns, t,o be used 
by the iM%rential routine of the system. These aJo 
straet patterns, called "core patterlls", conl.a.in the 
a,memnt o/' redmMant intbrmation conveyed by the 
attested evidence and are automatica.lly extracted 
by the system through the ana.logy-ba.sed mecha- 
llisl\]l kllOWll as "core extl;ac{;io\[l". 
A core 1)a.ttern is extracl.ed from two analogous 
i)atl, erns which shave ,. cerl, ain a.~nount of informa- 
tion. in pra,ctice, for a,n analogy I)el.wee/~ two lin- 
guistic objects to I)~' recognised a.s rehwant (thus 
triggering core extra.ction) amal, ch is to be Rmnd 
between the elements of the pattern a.t both levels 
of inherent and relational features, l)'or instance, a 
relewmt analogy is found between the VO pa~tterns 
in (3) and (4:) below, since the two have at lea.st 
one inherent t%ature and one relational lea.lure in 
common for the same element type (noun or verb). 
The corresponding extracted core is shown in (5): 
(3) PRENI)EI~ts'-SI'H)I¢/O 'TA K E_U P-I{ESII) IgN(~ lg/O' 
inherent features relationM feettul-es 
Verb( PRENDF, RE) Pro-dieate( PR!~,NDEI~IA) \[ 
Noun(SEDE h, ogo/H) Object(SEDE luogo/II) I 
(4) PI~ENDI~tCE-STANZA/O 'TAI(E_UPd{O OM/O' 
inherent re&lures rel&tioll&l fce~tures 
Verb( P RENDERE) Predicate( PtZENDERF, ) 
Norm(STANZA luogo/H) Object(STANZA luogo/ll) 
(,5) PRENDEI~E-hwgo/II/O "I'A K E_U P-pl~ce/iI / O ' 
inherent features relationM features ~\] 
Verb(PRENDERE) Predieate(PRENDfCRE) \[ 
Noun(luogo/lf) Object(luo9o/tt ) \] 
(5) expresses the following generMisation: when 
the w'rb PI~,ENDERE co-oecurs with a noun hav- 
ing luogo as a H(yperonym), then this noun is 
interpreted as the object. Core extraction is thus 
used as a step towards abstracting ztway fl:om ac- 
tual words in the direction of a more sema.ntica.lly- 
grounded form of ana.logy. Note incidentally (;ha.t, 
for reasons of computationa.1 elficieney, core ex- 
traction does not apply to core patterns, but to 
attested p~ttterns only. 
4.1.3 Paradigmatic structures 
Another important feature of the internal struc- 
ture of KB relates to the existence of "paradig- 
matic structures" ()\[' nouns an(l verbs based on 
their distribntion in KB patterns: norms which 
are subject of the same verb exhibit, likewise ob- 
jects of the same verb, a sort of semantic simi- 
larity; the same ca.n be sa.id of w',rbs which take 
the same subjects (or I;he same objects). The na- 
ture of this similarity va.ries from case to case and 
remains implicit in the ditfcrent groupings. Con- 
sider the two sets of patterns below: 
(6) ~t. b'ALII~E-FUMO/S 
b. SAI, It~I¢-MAIH';A/S 
~ . .gA LIRE-IH~t~ZO/.q 
d. 5"ALIIH,;-g~N/S 
e. SAI, ItlbJ-STI~ADA/S 
(7) ~t, ABI3AS£'ARSI-TEMPEI{ATUI¢,A/.¢; 
b, ALZA1LqI- TI'~MPI'HtAJ'UIIA/S 
c, CALARE-TEMPEIgATUI~A/S 
d. OSCILLAt~E- TEMPI'H~A'I'UItA/S 
e. SCENDIe, RE- TI':MPERATUItA/S 
The core of the VS patterns in ((5) is represented 
by ,S'A.LII~,.Is' (whose translation in (ia,-e va.ries from 
'rise' to 'come in', 'go tip', 'climb'), or more pre-- 
eisely by the set of both iMterent and relational 
features associa.ted with it. Smlilarly, the core 
of t, he VS patterns m (7) above is 775'MPI¢lL 
ATUIIA/S 'temperature/S'. I,et us focus now on 
the elelncnts which are NOT shared m (6) and 
(r). FUMO/S 'smoke/S', MAREA/S 'tide/S', 
378 
/,/~/,;/,/,o/,~' <p,.i<:(ds', QA:/S 'so,,,(,o,.dS' ~E,td 
,S'77¢A I)A/,~, ' 'road/S' Oil l,\]l(~ OllC ha.d, !IIHDIb'- 
?,'A ILS'I <f'a.ll', A I,ZA ILs'I ' fist?, (7.,1 I,A/~l',' 'd r()l)', 
O,<ff TII, LA IUq <(luci,ua.l,e' a.m\[ ,S'CI:"\:I)I'\]IU+: 'fall' 
ou I;ilc ol,her hand a, re i. ('oml)h~llt(ull,;u;y disi, ri 
Iml,iou relal,ive I,o Lhcir core (i.e. I:11%: i'el)resciH; 
Imrall<'l choices in 1,11(' santo coul;ext). 'l'ables in 
(8) and (9) I)elow illusl,ral,(~ I,hcsc word associa. 
1,|<ms as nlod<4h'<l in I(1~: 
I L-v> 7: - -~_J L ~l,v:rn.mA/,~ l 
(~) I A s777';XT';~7~\[ -Wi~7~7,W 'P(~7~, "\[~'~ \[ -,~&~r~ - - ~fi,lT~'7~q777~-\] 
\[ K771,7 NTYE if.IT- 
(8) a,.d (9) a,re disi, rilml,io.ul "l)a, radigms" wh(~re 
die (:oi'e rel)r(>seni,s the h\]va, ria.liL (q(uilenl, ('OllliliOii 
i,() a.II l);_l,(,l,(wns a.ticl (Jelllelll,S ili (:Olii\[)\[elil(-ill.ttry 
di,.;la;il)ul,iou a.rc assigned disl,iucl, 'lmradigiiial, h ', 
slol,s". 
4.2 Best-analogue(s) funcl;ion 
'l'he I)csi,-;uia,loguc(s) funcl, io. projeci,s t, lle I,a,l:gel, 
ol<ieci; '1'O onl;o I(B in t, hc search for I, he Itcsl, cau 
di(lal,e a,naloguc. It operal;es ;is I'ollows: 
it) IR)(s) whose ilth01'(uii, feal,ures arc \[killy con- 
t, a iimd wil, hiu l,he set, of ilihercui, fcal ures of'l'() 
is/a.re seh~(q,c(I; 
I)) if ItiOre I..ha.ii ()lie candid~tl,e a.ita.iOglle iS fouiid, 
tim a, ualogue which is stmci\[i~(I 17)1' Hie gi:ea, l;('sl, 
l iiiEilhoi 7 of inhcreul, \[na.141res (llCl'eall,er refel:re(\[ Lo 
as lJhe "l)esl, ;.Elia,\[o~Ii( ',> ) Wili~ Old, over I,Iw ol,hers; 
c) if, a,flier sl,el)S a.) a,n(I \])) \]ia,vc: h.ec:ll 1.a.kO.ll, iio 
I)esi, a,na, iogue is /'olind (i.e. eil,her diel'e is ili()re 
l;ha,n Oll() bcsl; a.lia\]oglle or none), i,heu control is 
l)aSSe(\] 1,o "l)a,ra,(iigill exl,C:JlSiOlt" (see i ll\['l',~l); 
(I) if a, lso i)ara,(ligm exl,ensioi\] fails l,o provide a, 
uiii(lUe inl;<~i;i)r(%al,h)n , l,heii '1'0 is MI, a.iul)igilOUS. 
More c(in(:ret,(Jy, giveil l;he iUllUl seul,eucc i/ 
bm~l, bi'#u) /+f/Sic 71 lib'to 'l, lie. oh|hi reads Lhc' hook', 
I;lie sysl.clll will lie a,I)h" I,o idenLify il lilno as 
I,he ot).bci, of b.9.?c 011 Lhe basis of I, lie I)alil,ern 
I.IOG(Ho'/Z/';-I./IH~O/O i,l (1)'a.ml/or ('2)a.I)ovc. 
'l'tlis is l, he ca,se of a, full ina,l,(:h, SillC(~ l<g:/cr<-libr() 
iS ;ill a, lrea(ly klIOWII CO-OCClil'(HIC() \]HII, I;(H'II. 
SUl)l)OSe liOW l,lial, SeuS()l{. has 1,o ~'/isalu 
I)igual,e tit(" \:el'l)-ll()llll (:oiill)ina.t, iOli \]ncndc<f- 
(17lll, O'l'(I 'l,a,k(~_ul>r('sidence', where (1~711()1'(I iS Sill)- 
plied hi hilml, wilJl ii,s l,a,x()liyili(S) l)ui: is no( al, 
1,esLed &s sucti iu I(1/. 'l'he iuLerl)i'ei,ai,hm of i,h<, 
l,a,r~el; ex\])re,~sitni is sl,ill l)O,-~,-41)h ~ /,liuiiks I;o l,lic 
i)rC~CliC<, <,l" (ItO<(JO 'l)lax:(' ' a.lllOli K I.\]i(~ /;aXOliyliiS 0\[' 
(\[771#O'F(t; i.O. '1'() iS ilil,l~.rl)r(~l,(~(l as a V() I)aLI;(',l'li 
O11 I,he I)asJs ()\[' l;\[ie (:ore t)a,l,l,erll /)/~I'\],W/)/<\]/~E- 
htogo/ll/O i l:l (5). 
When neither a.) nor b) axe viable, the most 
likely intcrl)rel;at, ion is yichled on the basis of dis- 
l, ril)ui, iouM criLcria, l'a.ra.dignis (8) and (9) abow~ 
ca.n 1)c Cxl)h)i|,ed to nmk(: inf('xcn(:es M)out, St)As 
l;hrough l)a.ra.digni cxl:cusion, a l)rocess which il,- 
volves Llic l;cnl, a/,ive corrchl, tiou of two woMs which 
arc not seen a0s (:o-occuriJng\] wit, hin KB. I)a.radignl 
('.xl,(msion is detined as folh)ws: if a.n clemcid, A 
(whether verb or noun) slmres ~ (-ore with anoLher 
eleuient B (of t;he same l;ype), dmn h' is allowed 
I,o inheri(, IJm l)a, radigma, l,i(: sloi,s of A (if any). 
SUl)l)OSe l;ha, t tim word (:oml:>in~(;ion salir('- 
le'm.l)cralura <rise-tenll)era.ture' is to I)e inl;erprel;ed 
t)y SonSOI{. The sysl,ein will en/x;rta.hi Lwo uui- 
l, ua.lly exclusive \]lyl)ot;heses , with \[,(?IlI, pCl'(glrll?'(! ;IS 
eit, hcr subjc(:l, or object; of ,sali'lw. (Mnsider l,he 
lirst, hypolJtesis. The pa, ra,digms of JA LI1Uq a, nd 
7'\]';MI'IIIM'/'UI~,A/,5' a, re in (8) and (9) al)ov(< 
I)aradigni extension (-he(:ks whet,her l;hel'e exisi, s 
a. nonemltl,y inl,ersc('tion bctw(:en l;he i)a.ra.dig- 
uia.tic slot, s of SALIIUg a.lid those of the verbs 
iu {,It(3 paradigm of 7'I';MI'EIeA 7'Uf~A/,g. lit order 
Lo SUltl)orl, the HA I,II~E-TEMI)EI~ATUIL4/,q ' hy- 
t)o(;hcsis tiE(_', system line(Is to lind a, co-occili'ix'.ilC(~ 
pa.l,t, ern where a.l; leas|, one of the fillers of l, he 
p;~radignl~l,h: sloLs of ,S'AI, II~I,J (i.e. li'lfMO/,g, 
MAIU';A/S, etc.) co-occurs with one (,f l, ile tilhws 
o\[' t;lie l)a.radiglmd;h • sloLs of 77qMIJ'JRAT'UIL4/£' 
(i.(;. A IHM,%_'AILgl, ,5CIgNI)I'2U(, el;(:.) as showll 
iu (10) I)elow: 
(10) _ J~ FHMO(.~N 
1~ II,I,'Z Z 0 STII, AI)A 
TPJA4PEt~A TUBA 
wher(~ the relevant pa.ra.digms al)I)ea.r 1;o share the 
slots k,IA/ZEA/S, I)I~EZZO/D ' a.nd S77¢,AI)A/,¢. 
l,'roui this it follows tha.l, tit(; liypol, hcsis tcm- 
pcr(tt,t~,t I)eing t, he subj(~cl, is jusl;ilia.lJe through 
i)a.ra.<ligHi extension. As l,() the hyl)ol, h(',sis wii,h 
:I7'\]MI'EIeAT'UI~A as a,ll o\])je(:t, no SUl)l)Ort, iilg 
i)ara.digniadc evidence is found in 1{1{. 
'\['\[IC SOJIiC DIX)C(\]SS a, lso ~/,ccollill,8 for lllOF(~ iri'eg- 
ular ca.ses, such a.s the (:o-selection of aouns and 
semant;i(:aJly light verbs (also known ill the liter- 
a.l,ure a.s "Slll)l)()l'l; verbs"). Moreover, it can I)e 
used l,o .iusl, i(y cas(;s of lllCt;al)hor a.nd lnel;ollylny 
(M oni0emagni, 1995). 
Sinnniiug Ul) , in SenSOl{. a.na.logy ot)(;ral,es l)ol;h 
a(, the level o\[" t,he int('nml orga.nisa,don of 1(1~ a,s 
a whoh~ u.nd in l;\]lc sca.r(:h for l.\]le best aJia.logue 
aJ, l,he iil(,crpr(;I;¢LI,ion sl,age. The amdogy-I)a.sed 
illI'(,reudal roudn(; is ra.i, her weak a.nd cons(;rwE- 
1,ive a.l; l,h(' ~t(:(lUiSition as well as l;he interpr(;l;;~don 
sl, a ge. In a(:quisit, ion, (:ore l)a.I;l,erns are extra cl;ed 
I)y nm.Lchiitg direcl;ly aJ, lx;sl;e(I pa.i;terns only (a.s 
379 
op1)osed I:(> Mready exOra(:l,e(\[ (:ores). In iiH,erl)re- 
t,a.l;ion, l:lm llSO o\[' dire(:t,ly al,l,esl,ed evidence is a.I- 
ways I)rel'erre(I over iuf('rr(~d evicleu(:e, i.e. over 
(x)re i)al3,(~rus aud ext.ended i)aradigiiis. Whcu l, he 
sysLeiil is <'otll'roiil,ed wii, h tll/kliowu COliil)ina.l.iol~S 
o\[' words or (Well wii,\[l Illll(llOVCll words (i.('. words 
\vhicll are no(, dircct, ly ;il,l.{~sl.e(t wii, hin KI~ bill, \['or 
which l,;tx(>itol?/ica\[ iii\[orlnal.ion is availlll>le), it, iii 
l,erl)ret, s (;h(Hil insol'ai: as i,\]iey ~il'<' a.nalogically re- 
\]~/.(;e(\[ l;O ~/\]r(?~J(ly I,:uowu wor(\] COill\])hia.t;iolis. 
Perforn-iailce 
Two different <~xl~erinicni;s were desigued I:o l.esl, 
,qen~OI;\['s l>er\['Ol:lUance: in I;\]w lir'sl, <'x/)erillion~ , 
ca.rried out, eli large a.lliOllii\[-,s ofdai,a., I(1~ was coii- 
sl,ii, ul, ed 1:)3; pllre woM co-o('Clll'l;01lCe pa, l;1,01:llS; iJie 
second CXl)eriliield; was in0ani; (,o assess how and 
Ix) wha.g exl:ent, l;a.xonomica.\] inl'ornia.l, ion inii)rovcs 
the sysl;elii's l)cr\[oi:il/a.l~(:'e. 
5.1 ExI) o, rilll(~,lIt 1. 
\[)llr(: wor(\[ CO-O(!(!l\]l'rOll(ie \[)~l.\[,(;oriis i;(~\[)res('l\]\[, l;\[\](; 
iniuillia, l inl)iil, <:on\[igurat, ioll l;\]lO SyS\[,Olii C;/.il (\[e;-I,\[ 
wii, h. Wii,h l,hese lJa.l;1;cril~, /Jle sys{,elii ca.ri:ics OliL 
i, he SeA l,a.sk iiios{ly via. pa.radigui exl;<msion. 
In this eXl)<;riinen(,, ICI~ <:onsisi,s o\[' 18,585 
VS/\:O i)atl,erus extra.c(,ed I'rolu I.he ('ollins 
li;a\[\]a.n-li;nglisil (I .<.)85) and ( ~a.rza.nt:i (198d) dic\[,io- 
na.i:ies. The I,esi; wa.s ca.rried oill; eli 1,27!1 lllorl)\[lo- 
synt:a.(:i,i(:ally a.ull>i,~uous S()/\s elicii,od f'roul roe.\[ 
t.ex(;s. The resuli, soP l:his CXl)Oi'ilileni. ~lrc rcl>ori,<'d 
in i, he l,able below. 
n ;ibs. i/, U\,\: K\]'; 
i\[ i<'l. % n lel ~, 
O\]~ 2,856 (;0,7 22 08 /462 ?,0.2 
WI{()N(; 251 5.9 2"1 9,5 
A l\,1131 (;. 1,172 27.4 (:;11 521 It a na 
'l'l/PAl, .I,279 100.0 (7;{3 I.t8 gg(:; 200 
(',orr(?(:l;lleSS iS 00.7% a.ll(I i,he a.c(:ilra.(:y l'l-iL~; 
(wherel>y 'l'O's which ~ell~O II. leaves atilblg/IOl/S 
a.ro llOl, COlllllx~(l ill) is 97%. As l;o i;he llllresolvc(\] 
ca.ses, nior(? (,\]ia.u a ha.l\[' (i.e. 611 oui. (>1'1,172)(:ou- 
i:a.ill8 il.li II II k liOWll wor(l (i .e. \[ i W). iN ol,e i, li a.t a. few 
C&S(~S Of illlkllOWll worcls (22) are Sli(:(:css\['ully ill- 
(;el;l)rel,ed oil {,he I>a.sis of (:ores whi(xh a.re specified 
for reel> or \['or IlOllll iu\[orula.{,ioll Oil\]V,, (<',>.'" till,rail- 
sit,ire verbs ii.l'e al3,es(,o(l wii, h sul)je<q,s ouly). 
it, is iui, ei'esl, hlg to uol;<~ i;ha.l, a.boul, eli() I;iiird o\[' 
'FOs (!orreclily inlx~rl>re/,<'(I by ,q(:u~Ol/. are kilo;vii 
<~xa.nil)les (is\[l'\]), a.ll, l~ough hi $Ol\]iO (:;_ises i,his l)re 
vious knowhxlge is niislea.(ling. 24 'l'O's, alrea.(iy 
\](IIOWB \])y I.,he 8ySl;elll lil~d<'r n <;crl, d.ill illt, CirlJrcL& 
l.ion, r~r,'> in I')~.(;I, IlSe(\[ in l;he l,a.rget, (:Oil(,ext, timi- 
der a. difl'ei:cnt, inl;<:prel;a.t, ion. '17> give ~l.ll (L'(lllIll)le, 
l,l~is i,ypi(:ally oc<!tlrs wil,ll verl>s ililCiCrgOiltg (,he 
<:a.usa.l;ivo-in('.hoa.l, ive Mi, eruaJ;ion (e.g. affondcrvu 
'sink') where l, he ol)je,:t of l, he l, ransitiw~ rea(liug 
of (.he verb (e.g. nm/e 'ship') cau also I>e l,he sul,- 
,iecl; of its intransitive r(!adiug. Ill <:ases like i;hese, 
SenSOfi, is l>ound I,o fa.il, as they <:amio/, b(- r(,- 
solved on l;h<; I)a,sis of lexi(:o-s(~nianl;i(: I~n(>wle(Ige, 
I)ul; require knowledge of \[Jle geiiera.l (:onl,<~xt iu 
whMl t, he sentence is ul, t,er<xl. 
5.2 E×p(;rlment 2 
In a, se(~oIK\] <'~xl)erinlent, KB <:(msisi;s of 10,3()7 
VS/V() l>ai;terns ext, racl.ed froin l;he (:o\]lins I>ilim 
gua.\[ dici,iona.i:y. For /,esl;ilig, we ra.ndonliy (,x- 
i;ra.ct, ed 500 a.iYlbiguoils ~()As (¥Olii l;he l, est, cor- 
t)llS used in IDxlJel'iltielil, 1. For eax;;\[l elOlllell(, o\[' 
(,lie pal;i;erl~s, i, axonomical iii\['orlTia.(;ioll is Sl)(~cific'd, 
thus nmking possible geueralisa.l, ions over \]>aA;t, erns 
she.ring the same l,a,xollomi<:a.l inforniai, ion. 
Since words in l;he a.equired l)a3,1;erris a,re not, dis- 
alul)igua.i~ed a.s I;o t,heir word sens<', iu I;hc Sl:)e<'.ific 
('Oll(,ex(,, all t,heir possible iiume(iia.l,e (;;lXOllylllS a.re 
specified, only one (.l\[' which is a,pl)rol)ria.l,e i;o IJle 
coni;exl; described by t,h<' l)a.l,l,ern. In spite of the 
ini, ro(hl<'ed "uoise", the \])('T\[OIHTIfI,liC(' O\[ SellS()l/. 
strews a. sl, a.tistica.lly signi(ica.nl, inil)roveinenl, oil 
l;he l)revious experirnenl;, a.s ilhisi, ra.t, ed in I,he I,a.- 
hie below. 
11 ,%b~4 % IIW I,;F 
n. lel % it, 
(>I( ?,68 73.6 62 lg.~ ~-0 3.t,8 
WItON(I 54 1(),8 7 12.9 ;I 17,6 
AMBItl, 78 15.6 (3.1 82,0 1/,it, \]i & 
'\['()'PA l, 500 100.0 133 2(1(; 113 22(; 
C, orreet, ness rises 1;o 73.6% and the ac<:ura.ey rai,e 
slightly falls down (,o 87.2%. l)ue to the pres- 
em:e of ta.xoliomica.l informat, ion in I(ll, the sys- 
|,el-ll has more core im.l,l, erns t,o rely Oil. As a. l'('- 
suit, the ini)reutial role of paradign~ extension is 
reduce(\[ wil;h resl)eCl; t,o Exl)erilnenl, I where ex- 
I:en(le<\] pa.ra.dignis play a inore proniinelH, role in 
support, trig possible infel:enees. 
6 Conclusions 
/\(, (,his sLa,ge of development,, ScnSOIVs l)erh)r 
ma.nce, rema,rkal~ly sa.tisfa(:l;ory when only wor(\[ 
co-ocetll'rellCe patterns arc used, still improw~s by 
adding one lew~l of non-disambiguaX, ed ta.xonyms 
I;o words in d~e patterns. Looked el, from (.his 
perslmct, ive , SenSOR seems l,o colubine I~he a.d= 
va.ni,ages of t.wo worlds: ou I.he one ha.rid, il, is 
capable of drawing inferences from pure woM ,:o.- 
oe(:m'rencc I)a.tl, erns (a.s in strictly distribul, iona.l 
approa.eh(:s); on I, he el, her ha.nd, i~ overcomes /,he 
bo/,l, leneck l)roblenl of (ta.l;a. sparseness by exploit.- 
ing taxonomical relatiousl-fil)S (,o ma, ke 1,he most of 
comparatively small collect, ions of tyl)ical pai;t;erns 
of use (as in exaniple-based l, echniqucs). Mosl, n(>- 
380 
i,a.I)ly, such a. ix,;or,.)M ,~l,l'a.t.egy i)l()ves I,o I,(~ /lcxil>h- 
(Hl<)ll~;h l,() COil)(, Lo gril>,~ wil,ll a in~toi'iously slip. 
I)el'y SOtllJ(t(! o\[' iui'orlii;ql,ic)n such a..~ ~1 HI)s, which 
a.i)l)oa.r I;o have elu,:led so \])Jr lii<),ql. ;ll,i,(,lll\])l;s t;o 
iIS(' l, lieir h;xico-s(:iiia.nl,ic inl',.)riiial.i,on ~/lll,Olll~ll;i- 
tally (Velardi, I!)!)1). 
'l'rainod ()li dilr(~l.eiil \],;iiid,~ ()1 clal.a, ,qeii~Ol{, 
lia,~ l,hc i;('Jl,eul,ia.I or (lealiii<g well wil,h ()l,her ~orls 
of sylii,a.ci,ic ;/.uil)i~uit,y Slich :1,~ I)1 ) ;il.t.;iCiilii('lil., 
~ili(I wil, h C()llil)t)llll(\[ iioiiilS inl,el'l~r(q.al,ioii or word 
,~CliS(' (lisatul)igual,i()ll (M()iil,eliia~iii ,!I. al. 96). 
,'4<'veral si 'al+~i+'s Cilll \])l, i)llr,..;ll(,(i I,() re\[)lie il,s 
iiil't~reiil;ial i)c, wer: 
I. I,li(' iluuledial.(~ l,axOliyliiS of ,;,l{!liieiii,s ill l, ll(' 
i;,ai;Lorlis C~ill ill 1,heir I,II1"11 I)(! asso<;iate(I wil:h t, lleir 
()Wli t,~t.X(;,liylliS, and ~() ()ll a\]id .~o I'()ri.h ii l) 1.o l.he 
i,o I) of' die i,a.XOliOlily (it lieCess;iry); ),his WOll\[(\] r0 
,~ull. i~l iii()r(' l)owerrul ~eti,:'rali:-;ai,io\]is, siuce cor,:,s 
I)ased Oil IIIO1'(~ ~eli,:~rli\] Seliialil.ic ili\['oriual, itm <re t 
exl,ra(;1;e(I; dearly, I,liis ,.q, ra.l,egy r('(lliires (\]i~ani 
I)igual,e(I I,~i XOliy lii,,< 
7. the I)esi, ;/tialo~iio(s) runcl.ioii ('~ill I)<, iiia(ll, ,,.-4eli 
.,,il.iv<~ i,() I,li(, sl-~lii~llil,i(; ~ra.iiiliil.rii,v ()1' \]J<)l,li co)'(' i)a.I, 
l(!l'ii,~ and exl,,niid,:xl Im.ra.(ligiii~, ~() l.llai, ,-,i)~,cili( . s(,+ 
in;).ill, i(' evideiic(~ is ;llw;i.v,,-: <y~iV(!li I)rioril,y ~wer iiiore 
?>('.l/(,l+a.I ,:wi<.len(:e (which is ,;!V('lli, ll~tlly iise,:t only l))r 
lack or ),he lai,ier); l,his i,ba liie(,t.~ i,li+~ iie,:'(I \[Lr 
I<(~el)ing t,he iiil'~reul, ial roiii,iu,:' cJ\[' ),he ~en~()l/. as 
w(~al,: a.ii<l coii,~erva.l, ive a,~ i)o~ibl< 
Z. V~O \[)a.l,l,,:~l'n,~ caii I)+' ,~Ul>plied (\[lirili~ l,ra.iliiiig 
wii,h I'i'<'(lu(,ncy iiil'Oi'liial,i,.)n of i.helr occuri',:~n(:(~ ill 
larz(' l,OXtll;ll COl\])Ol'it.; I'l'(,qlt(~liC) ~ C~llt t, lic.tl IJ(~ IlSe(I 
a~ a I)i'e\[}~i'elii,ial ctie \[})r ~eii,q()ll I.() ~('l.i.h! Oll i.li+' 
iii()sl, I)lau~il)le ~()A. 
(*) All i(ba~ or i.hi~ I);l~l)(!l. ;ij.f! t.\]ie Olll.(:<)lii(! r)t aLiOiUlL t~f" 
\]'ort. \[l'(Jl' i.li(' Sl,t~('ific COll(Cl'll,q o1' {\]i(' II.;dimi A(';i.(\[etiiy 
otily, I~/IoIl\[,(!lli/t~lii iS rusl)OnsilJe \[or :-,¢x:tit)li.'-: 7, ;1, I.I. I, 
t.l.3, t"e(I,~'.t'ici for ,<-:o(:l\[,iOllS .I.I,7, ~), 0 ;I.ll(\] I>irrelii \[7)r 
,<-:(:(:),ion,<-: I, i, .1.7. 
\]~.e l"l.~ F o li c (+,.. s 
(:ollius (',illlll,i i~la, rzoccc,, I!)~.%. \]',<lHj/£~h-/lrdirul 
\]Hl.Ji(m-E~#gli,qh I)iclim.~r+\]. (?~/llill,~ ( ',illllt,i M<'u" 
'/.oc,::(+, I,olldOi, l"ir(uiz,.< 
I'):(lerici ~l,el'cmc,, I.+)!)1. SI~\](:S N I,( :: A Hell: 
I'\]xl)a.u,.l,n.l>h: (',oliile(:LiolliSi, \[()1 + Na\].t/r;tl \[,D, Ilgllil+gC 
( \]Oliipreh(~llSiOli, hi / )~'(~('+:{ '(lil~(/ Ps ( JL/' ' l ' l ' 1 / '%'l)~'il~( \] 
I"e,.lerici SI.t~!i'ltll(), I)irrolli Vii.o, I!).+)1. I,iltRlii,-:lic \]\iia,\[ 
ogy ~S ;t (\]Ollil)lll.;J)l(~ \[)I'()C(?SS, ill \])ro(:(r(li~#~ oJ" 
l\"ckl/,<H ), Mmlchestur, \[ri<, l>l>. ,~ 1.1. 
I+',.,.<.leric; <(.,:l;-m,o, I;irrtqli Vii.(), YVOll I@all(7oi.<-:, lf)f)(i. A 
I)y.amic Approach t,o \['aradigm~l)riw~n Analogy, 
i. ,q(,~l'ml Wermix~r, I~;11c. l{ih)ff, (ial)l'i~Je Sche/cr, 
(,::11,'-+.), ( :omu:clio~zist, ,b't(d,i,slicctl and ,b'gmbolic .ll)- 
proachc,~ Io I,c(u'nDui for/\/.lm'al/,cu<qu(<qc I~roc(.+s- 
i~+4l , Springer \/erl,,l+g, lbJliit, 1)1 ). 3<<'45-:I!)G. 
(larz,;md, 1984, II N+tovo I)izio~,(u'io II(di(uu) 
(,'ar:.;(utli. (lm'zanl, i, Mila.ut~). 
Ilarri,'-< Zellig S., 1.+)6,<'4. /14al.hcn~aticcd ,b'tr~l, cttu'cs o\]" 
Law/+u~9(:. Wilt:y, N~',v York. 
I liIMle l)oua+M, 19,<)0. Noun (:la.s,<-:i\[i(:mion Irc, m 
I)l'c:clh:,'t.L('-a+i'gliunen(, s|,rucl, ures, in /)t'occcdit<qs o\]" 
/he 281.h A CI,, l)il;I,slmrg}l., 1;'!\, i)1). 20b':-275. 
Ilin<.lte I)oHaM, l/c,,:)l;h M~tl,s, 1993. Stl'IICLIII'D.\[ A|ll- 
hi<u,.i<~, aml I,exica\[ I{elm,iuns, in (:ompulal.io~+(d 
Lim.p~islics, vc, I, I.+), n.l, Ma.rch 19f);I, pp. l();/ 120. 
M,mit<.,na.glfi Siluc, net, l,a., 1!)9<~. ,b',d)jccl a~,(l Ob.j+ct i** 
India,~ ,% ~H.ct+,cc Proccssi?tg. Phi) I,hesis, tl.ivel'sii,y 
of M+mcUlt~,,+i,er lusi,il, tH,e o1' ,qcience an<.l 'lbchnology 
(t;MIST), \[\]\[{. 
\[~'lolll,emagni Simonel,l,a, l"ederici BI,el'a.o, I>irrNll 
Vii,o, 1!)!)4. Who's what? (len{~rali'/,al,io. by A.al 
oZy ;I.ii(\[ l.h(! l)rol)iein ol Sul).i(,cl./Ol>.iccl hl(:iil.i\[ica. 
I,ioli in li,alia.th hi I'tocccdil+(j,s o\]" Nck'lLrtlL M;iltch 
{:<<';I,(:i', IlK, l)p. 15 22. 
Moiil.,etila~gni Shiloiiot.l.a, I'i:(terid ,~l;{!\[?i, llO, l>irrNli 
Vii.o, I.+).+)(L \]'\]x,~tllll)le I);/s(:(I \vor(l StyliSt' (\[is~l.nil)igii,,l~- 
l.iOll: 71~ i):'tt'~lx/iglll-ch'iv(~ll ,~ll/i)ro,,ix:h , in \])l'o('('(;dTll.(/.s 
o,f EI//7!I \],/q.\'-+.)6', ( lol,el)c, rg, ,qwed(,u, .'\ugusl, 19.+)\[7. 
Nirenlnu'g ~qerw..d, I)onia.<-;hu,ev ( \]OIISi.kl.lll,ilie, (~r;/tllleS 
I)('.;m ,1+, 1!)9;I. 'I'wo Al)l)ro,~l(:hes I.,:) Ma.l.chhig iu 
I')xaml)le-l/ased Max:iiinc 'l'ra+nsl,~tlbion, ill \]++#Y)cc(d- 
i~+gs of '/'MI-9.°\], pl ). -.17-57. 
I)irrdli Vii,o, 19f):L AJOllJhOJo~ll\], .:l ;Hdoq.(i filial A4(tchht, c 
'lT'anshtZio~t. l)hl) I;h~.!sis, S.~lJJ'olld {1niversii,y, {I I<. 
I~irrelli Vii,,:), l+'(:,:lerici ~t;(~\]'gtll(), I{)!)~. All ~tli;'ti':>gi(:ill 
W;l,y |,O \[i/,tlgtU'l~g(~ IllOd(Jling: IM()I{\]>|II'\](\]:'4, ill /Ic+'(~ 
/,iW,\]+~i.~Zica H~+gar~ca, u, 'I I, 19!)2 .+)2,, pl ). 235-2(J;L 
'l's.jii .lim ichi, Allan)ado. ,";of)a, Arad Iris, ~¢~l¢iil~' 
Sai,oshi, 1992. l,inzuisiJc l<nowled<ge A(:quisil,ion 
\[iOiil (},:)il)or, % hi \]:'ro,::eediugs (:,\[' \[lil;(!rlt~lt, io~i,~tl 
VVor\]+s\]io\]> Oli \]?tlild~iliiCllL,!l| I{.ese;-u'ch for I,h(! 1"lll,/_lr(~ 
(letlera+{iOll of N;ttall++t\] I,,:l.llgltli~(! \])roces:-4iiig> ;11)-<il 
.\] lily 19.+)7, Ma.ii(:h(!bl;er, \[\[11, i)p. (; I-81 • 
{Jr,,unot, o Naohil,:t), If)94. A Ilesl, Ma.t.ch Algoril;hni 
\[or \]lro;t(I-(;ovl;,.r,~t~e \['\]x/tilil)le-.lb.sed I)isalnl)igtl;i. 
l.i,.)lt, iii I'roc<(di~<?.~ of (/()L IN(l- 9/~, t)1 >. 717--77 I. 
V<Ja.l'<.li l)aola, 19{)1. Ac¢li.liring a ~olnkl~ll/,ic I,exi(:on for 
Na.l, urzt\[ I,a.ilgtl;l~gl: /)roce:-;sing, iu I+It'i 7ei'tiii<, (e,d.), 
l.(<+:ic(d Acqui,sil.iolL" E:~;phJilil<q Ol+-\[,in4: /ib,~olu'c(<~ 
I.o Ih~ild a l,e~:i:icon, I.a.wi'ence \];',l'll),~uint As,~uciat,es 
l++ltlJishers, \]lillsda.le, New ,le, rsey, pl ), 2,.I 1-:I67r 
381 
