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<Paper uid="A00-1006">
  <Title>Translation using Information on Dialogue Participants</Title>
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    <Paragraph position="0"> There are two main reasons which bring down these rates. One reason is that TDMT does not know who or what the agent of the action in the utterance is; agents are also needed to select polite expressions. The other reason is that there are not enough rules and transfer dictionary entries for the clerk. It is easier to take care of the latter problem than the former problem. If we resolve the latter problem, that is, if we expand the transfer rules and the transfer dictionary entries according to the &amp;quot;participant's social role&amp;quot; (a clerk and a customer), then the recall rate and the precision rate can be improved (to 86% and 96%, respectively, as we have found). As a result, we can say that our method is effective for smooth conversation with a dialogue translation system.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In general, extra-linguistic information is hard to obtain. However, some extra-linguistic information can be easily obtained: (1) One piece of information is the participant's social role, which can be obtained from the interface such as the microphone used. It was proven that a clerk and customer as the social roles of participants are useful for translation into Japanese.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> However, more research is required on another participant's social role. (2) Another piece of information is the participant's gender, which can be obtained by a speech recognizer with high accuracy (Takezawa and others, 1998; Naito and others, 1998). We have considered how expressions can be useful by using the hearer's gender for Japanese-toEnglish translation. Let us consider the Japanese honorific title &amp;quot;sama&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;san.&amp;quot; If the heater's gender is male, then it should be translated &amp;quot;Mr.&amp;quot; and if the hearer's gender is female, then it should be translated &amp;quot;Ms.&amp;quot; as shown in Figure 7. Additionally, the participant's gender is useful for translating typical expressions for males or females. For example, Japanese &amp;quot;wa&amp;quot; is often attached at the end of the utterance by females. It is also important for a dialogue translation system to use extra-linguistic information which the system can obtain easily, in order to make a conversation proceed smoothly and comfortably for humans using the translation system. We expect that other pieces of usable information can be easily obtained in the future. For example, age might be obtained from a cellular telephone if it were always carried by the same person and provided with personal information. In this case, if the system knew the hearer was a child, it could change complex expressions into easier ones. 6 Conclusion We have proposed a method of translation using information on dialogue participants, which fiis easily obtained from outside the translation component, and applied it to a dialogue translation system for travel arrangement. This method can select a polite expression for an utterance according to the &amp;quot;participant's social role,&amp;quot; which is easily determined by the interface (such as the wires to the microphones). For example, if the microphone is for the clerk (the speaker is a clerk), then the dialogue translation system can select a more polite expression. In an English-to-Japanese translation system, we added additional transfer rules and transfer dictionary entries for the clerk to be more polite than the customer. Then, we conducted an experiment with 23 unseen dialogues (344 utterances). We evaluated the translation results to see whether the impressions of the results improved or not. Our method achieved a recall of 65% and a precision of 86%. These rates could easily be improved to 86% and 96%, respectively. Therefore, we can say that our method is effective for smooth conversation with a dialogue translation system. Our proposal has a limitation in that if the system does not know who or what the agent of an action in an utterance is, it cannot appropriately select a polite expression. We are considering ways to enable identification of the agent of an action in an utterance and to expand the current framework to improve the level of politeness even more. In addition, we intend to apply other extra-linguistic information to a dialogue translation system.</Paragraph>
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