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<Paper uid="J79-1018">
  <Title>Hendrix, G., rel lid nary Consfructs $or the Mathematical Modelling of English Meanings &amp;quot; Univers$ty of Texas, ~e~arthent of computer Sciences, Working Draft, April 1974. (not for distribution) I I Hendrix, C.G., Thompson, Craig and Slocum, Jonathan.- Language Processing It</Title>
  <Section position="12" start_page="39" end_page="41" type="concl">
    <SectionTitle>
VII CONCLUDING DISCUSSTON
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In previous sections the terms &amp;quot;proceas madel&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;skit&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;~cene'~ and &amp;quot;pf rame1' have been wed to describe very llmited' structures of verb and noun semantics. This usage is in contrast to the much broader ideas associated with &amp;quot;scripts1', &amp;quot;f tames&amp;quot; etc. which ate typically used to describe worlda of vision ma belief system&amp;. Example process models for &amp;quot;support&amp;quot; and~'@mve1' have been described and applied to the task of organizing images- into scenes. Nouns such as &amp;quot;clown&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;dock&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;pedes tall', etc. have been represented as programe that construct line drawings.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Adl\ectives have been used to communicate variations in eize, and adverbs to\ indicate angles. Other nouns, such as &amp;quot;top&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;bottom&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;edge&amp;quot; etc. are defined as functions that reference p/r ticular x-y coordinates of s picture.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2">  Npuns such as circu~&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;party&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;ballgame&amp;quot; etc. have not yet been attempted.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> They imply partially ordered sete of proceas models and are the most exciting next step in this research.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> More complex verbs like &amp;quot;return&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;make a roundtrip&amp;quot; imply a sequence of interacting proceas modele. Thus.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> &amp;quot;a clown sailed from the lighthouse to the dock and rethrned by bus&amp;quot; offers  interesting problems in discovering the arguments for MOVE*-return as well as in the design of a higher level process model whose intermediate conditions include the models of MOVE*-sail and MOVE*-return.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> We have also noticed that the semantic network that is produced as a result of semantic analysis can be seen as a problem graph by the functions that organize images and it is apparent that as these graphs come to contain larger numbers of images, it will be necessa'ry to d'etrelop graph searching etrategies along the lines of ordinav problem solvers. Our first experiment in this lihe will be to semanti~allp analyzeo the miseionariee and cannibals problem and illustrate the solution.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> As it stands, the CLOWNS system has served as a vehicle for developing and expressing our ideas of how to construct a tightly tntegrated language processing system that provides a clearcut syntactic stage with coordinate semantic processing introduced to reduce ambiguity. Twd stages of semantic processing are apparent; the first is the use of prepositions and verbs to make explicit* the geometric relations of &amp;quot;support&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;lef toPS&amp;quot; etc . among the objects symbolized by the nouns ; the second is the transformation of these geometric relations into connected sets .of x-y coordinatee that can be displayed as a scene. Schank'~ notion of primitive actions is refle,cted in our approach to programming high level Verbs such a8 MOVE* to encompass the idea of mation carried in verbs such as &amp;quot;sail&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;ride&amp;quot;, etc. Yoadd ATN approach to syntactic analyais ie central to this system and in sharp contrast to the approach of Schank and Riesbkck who attempt to minimize formal syntactic processing. Our procees model reflects the ideas developed by Bendrix in his development of a logical structure 5sr English semantics.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8">  The system is not li'mited to its prekent grammar nor to its preeent vocabulary of images.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> Picture programs to construct additional objects are easily cbnstructed and the semantic r~utihe6 for additional verbs and prepositions can be defined fo the eystern wfth relative ease.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> We hope in the near future to illustrate the following sentence: &amp;quot;One of the ffrst plant8 to appear bn a newly formed volcanic PsJsnd is the stately and graceful cocbnut palm.&amp;quot; . This will involve programming the  verbe, appearw', &amp;quot;fgtm&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;grow&amp;quot;, and programming pictured of plantg, coconut palm and islands. Very interesting problems are apparent in understanding and representing the ideas of &amp;quot;first&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; as well a~, in the relation between &amp;quot;plant en and &amp;quot;coconut palms&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> The system has been used successfully to communicate methods for natural language compu.ta#ion to graduate students and to undetgraduatey.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> It appears to have immediate possibilities for teaching the structure of English, for teaching precision of English expression, iind for teaching foreign languages through pictutes. Eventually 'it map be useful in codunction with very good graphic systems for generating animated illustration8 for picturable- text.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="13"> In my and CLOWNS sh~ws thk power and vaue of the mic,roworld approach to the study of Artificial Intelligence.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> By narrowing one's focus to a tiny world that can be completely described, onen can define a subset of ~n~lish in great depth.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> This is in corrtrast to the study of text where the situations described are so complex as to forbid exhaustive analysis.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="16"> The translation into a visualized microworld provides an immediate display in a two-dimensional language of the interpretations dictated by the -syntactic and semantic systems and thus a scientific measuring instrument for the qccuracy of t&amp;e interpretation. null</Paragraph>
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