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<Paper uid="I05-6011">
  <Title>Annotating Honorifics Denoting Social Ranking of Referents</Title>
  <Section position="7" start_page="97" end_page="99" type="evalu">
    <SectionTitle>
7 Annotation
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Our annotation method is an extension of the framework of JACY, a Japanese HPSG grammar (Siegel 2000), as discussed in Section 2.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Subsection 7.1 describes the JACY annotation and Subsection 7.2 is the extension we made from this research.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="97" end_page="97" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
7.1 JACY annotation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The JACY annotation scheme for honorification can be seen in Figure 5 with examples on the bottom of the tree. It annotates honorification concerning referential nouns (honorific entity), predicative honorifics (subject honorifics) that are triggered by honorific entities, and predicates of the addressee honorifics. The notion of polarity is used to denote the three types of value; a polarity value &amp;quot;+&amp;quot; means a subject honorific form, &amp;quot;-&amp;quot; denotes a non-subject honorific form, and &amp;quot;bool&amp;quot; is indeterminate. It is capable of accounting for the basic types of honorification, as being expressed by verb forms, suppletive forms, passive, nouns and</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="97" end_page="99" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
7.2 Extended JACY annotation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Based on our findings, we extend the JACY annotation Figure 5 to Figure 6 by adding two relations in the honorification, Social ranking and In-group relation.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> As for Social ranking, Subsection 3.2.1.5 introduced those verbs with referential restrictions, such as insotsu$&amp;quot;'take' has a restricted usage as '(a higher ranked person) leads (a group of lower ranked people).' These lexical items are added to honorific information in JACY, as being part of the lexical type hierarchy. In addition, the use of causative that imposes the interpretation 'a high ranked person acts on the lower' is accounted for under Social ranking (see Subsection 3.2.3).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> We notate the relation deriving from social ranking as social_ranking_rel. It has two arguments, which show the semantic indices of the verbal arguments, the first (or left) argument being ranked higher. The relation is triggered by the lexical types and the causative usage.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> Example 10, 'I made my younger brother read the book', is annotated with social_ranking-rel (watashi, otooto), while example 11 'my teacher read the book for me' is annotated with social_ranking-rel (sensei, watashi).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4">  The distinction between in-group and out-group makes it necessary to add a further relation, called in_group_rel. It has two arguments, relating the speaker with the predicate's subject. As in the other honorific relations, it gets a POLARITY feature, showing an in-group relation with [POLARITY +] and an out-group relation with [POLARITY -], and &amp;quot;bool&amp;quot; for indeterminate. The nominal expressions that trigger in-group relations (such as okaasan and haha in Table 2) add this relation to the CONTEXT.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> For a predicate, such as Example 13, with subject honorific information [POLARITY -] and a subject with honorific entity information [POLARITY +], an in_group_rel is added to relate the speaker and the subject, annotated as in_group_rel (speaker, shachoo).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> To better understand the interaction of Social ranking and In-group relation, we refer to examples 12 and 13. In processing, predicative honorifics is identified not by the referential nouns, but by the predicates. So, if the predicate is minus_shon (- SubH) and the subject is plus_ohon (+ entity honorifics), i.e. (13), then there is an in-group relation. On the other hand, with an out-group relation as in (12), the predicate is plus_shon (+ SubH) and the subject  types of honorific information. Its CONTEXT annotation is described in Figure 7.7 The usage of the noun haha triggers an in_group_rel (speaker, haha) with [POLARITY +], while the usage of the noun okaasan will trigger an in_group_rel (speaker, okaasan) with [POLARITY -]. The extraction of social ranking information from Goi-Taikei shown in Figure 2 makes use of this relation social_ranking_rel (arg1, arg2) between the entities in the sentence, for example 14 social_ranking_rel (sensei, haha).</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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