<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="W00-0103">
  <Title>Reducing Lexical Semantic Complexity with Systematic Polysemous Classes and Underspecification</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="14" end_page="15" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 CoreLex
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Related senses are, however, only systematic (or regular) if more than one example in a language can be found as formulated in (Apresjan 1973): Polysemy of the word A with the meanings ai and aj is called regular if in the given language, there exists at least one other word B with the meanings bi bj, which are semantically distinguished from each other in exactly the same way as ai and aj and if ai and bi, aj and bj are nonsynonymous.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> With this definition, we can construct classes of systematically polysemous words as shown in the CoreLex approach (Buitelaar 1998a) (Buitelaar 1998b). This method takes WordNet sense assignments and compares their distribution by reducing them to a set of basic types. For instance, WordNet assigns to the noun &amp;quot;book&amp;quot; the following senses:  1. publication 2. product, production 3. fact 4. dramatic_composition, dramatic_work 5. record 6. section, subdivision 7. journal  At the top of the WordNet hierarchy these seven senses can be reduced to two basic types: the content that is being communicated and the medium of communication. We can arrive at systematically polysemous classes by investigating which other words share these same senses and are thus polysemous in the same way. For instance, the seven different senses that WordNet assigns to &amp;quot;book&amp;quot; can be reduced to two basic types: artifact and communication. We do this for each noun and then group them into classes according to their combination of basic types. Finally, by human introspection several classes were grouped together, because their members seemed sufficiently similar.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Among the resulting classes are a number that are to be expected given the literature on systematic polysemy. For instance, the classes animal / food and plant / natural, product have been discussed widely. Other classes are less  expected, but seem quite intuitive. The class artifact / attribute / substance for instance includes a number of nouns (&amp;quot;chalk, charcoal, daub, fiber, fibre, tincture&amp;quot;) that refer to an object that is at the same time an artifact made of some substance and that is also an attribute.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>