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<Paper uid="P01-1009">
  <Title>Alternative Phrases and Natural Language Information Retrieval</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Previous Work
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Work on alternative phrases has previously been limited to Hearst's work in connection with knowledge base construction and formal semantics by Hoeksema and von Fintel. Hearst (1992) demonstrates cases where pattern matching can be used to extract knowledge from some constructions with alternative phrases and gives the patterns in  (5) as examples.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> (5) a. such NP as fNP,g* forjandg NP b. NP f, NPg* f,gforjandg other NP c. NP f,g including fNP,g* forjandg NP d. NP f,g especially fNP,g* forjandg NP  This technique is adequate for the purpose of acquiring hyponyms from large corpora because the goal is to take advantage of easily available information, not to handle a wide variation of linguistic phenomena. Handling a full range of natural language queries requires a deeper approach. For example, pattern matching alone cannot account for anaphoric reference such as in (1) or examples where discourse knowledge invalidates the hyponym relation as in (6).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> (6) John's pet dog, Fido, was sick.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> So John and the other dogs went for a walk.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> In contrast, von Fintel (1993) and Hoeksema (1995) provide in-depth semantic analyses of a limited class of alternative phrases; namely they focus entirely on exceptive phrases (ways of referring to exceptions) illustrated by the lexical items but and except (for). The thrust of their analyses is directed towards how these words interact with quanti ers to determine the nal set of entities. Since in queries, quanti ers rarely interact with alternative phrases in the manner discussed in Hoeksema and von Fintel's work, their analyses have not been carried over into the present work.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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