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<Paper uid="W03-1403">
  <Title>Is there a way to represent metaphors in WordNets? Insights from the Hamburg Metaphor Database</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="1" end_page="3" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2. PARTEI (POLITICAL PARTY). The first query
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> yields 25 results, the second one 26.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1">  http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/metaphern/index en.html [27 April 2003].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> POLITICS IS FIGHT. Having a closer look at the source domains for the target domain POLI-TICS, we find that the main source is the FIGHT domain (&amp;quot;KAMPF&amp;quot;), which is encoded in 20 out of the 25 entries.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3">  In what follows, we will concentrate on the 16 examples in French language that instantiate the POLITICS IS FIGHT conceptual metaphor. Considering the synset level, we note that some synsets are represented by more than one of their lexemes (&amp;quot;literals&amp;quot;) in the corpus text: These are CUcombat:2 bagar[r]e:1 bataille:4 lutte:1CV 'the act of fighting; any contest or struggle' - represented by bataille, combat and lutte in political context -, CUtriomphe:1 victoire:1CV 'a successful ending of a contest' - represented by both triomphe and victoire - and CUvainqueur:1 triomphateur:1 gagnant:1CV 'the contestant who wins the contest' - represented by triomphateur and vainqueur -.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  This fact shows that the conceptual view, which is reflected by the synsets insofar as every synset can be seen as a concept, is an appropriate way of approaching metaphorical mappings.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> In contrast to the results of Alonge and Castelli, who find a lot of missing metaphorical senses in ItalWordNet (cf. Section 1), most of the metaphorically used lexemes in POLITICS IS FIGHT as collected from HMD are actually represented in synsets which already have a metaphorical sense in EWN, or at least have been interpreted as such by HMD encoders. Only three lexemes out of 13, guerre 'war', revanche 'revenge', and bataillon 'battalion', do not correspond to figurative synsets. While guerre and bataillon can be found in their &amp;quot;literal&amp;quot; meaning in the French EWN (cf. synsets CUguerre:1CV 'the waging of an armed conflict against an enemy' and CUrevanche:1CV 'the act of taking revenge'), bataillon, a collective participant of FIGHT, is completely missing from the French EWN.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> The conceptual metaphor POLITICS IS FIGHT is only one of several possible metaphorical con- null In terms of the Berkeley metaphor list (Lakoff et al., 1991), this mapping can be seen either as THEORETICAL DEBATE IS COMPETITION or as COMPETITION IS FIGHT. If a MENTAL EVENT (like THEORETICAL DEBATE) is a specialisation of an EVENT (like COMPETITION), then the first metaphor can be interpreted as a specialisation of the second one.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7">  In this paper, each synset is followed by its English gloss when it is mentioned for the first time.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> ceptualisations of POLITICS. Examples of other source domains encoded for this target in HMD are SPORTS, THEATER, and STUDY. The POL-</Paragraph>
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