<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="C04-1106">
  <Title>Lower and higher estimates of the number of &amp;quot;true analogies&amp;quot; between sentences contained in a large multilingual corpus</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> A long tradition in linguistics views analogy as a means for the speaker to analyze or produce new sentences1. To be linguistically relevant, an analogy should hold on the level of form as well as on the level of meaning.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In contrast to that, in Greek and Latin antiquity, anomaly designated those cases2 where an analogy of meaning is not reflected by an analogy of form. (e.g., 'I drink.' : 'I'd like to drink.' :: 'I can swim.' : 'I'd like to be able to swim.'3).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Conversely, the existence of analogies of form that are not verified on the level of meaning has been taken by the Generativists to indicate the independence of syntax (e.g., Abby is baking vegan pies. : Abby is baking. :: Abby is too tasteful to pour gravy 1See, inter alia, (PAUL, 1920, chap.5), (de SAUSSURE, 1995, 3rd part, chap. iv), (BLOOMFIELD, 1933, p.276), (MOUNIN, 1968, p.119-120), (ITKONEN, 1994, p.48-50), (PULLUM, 1999, p.340-343).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3">  strued as [?]I'd like to can swim.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> on vegan pies. : Abby is too tasteful to pour gravy on.4).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The purpose of this study is to estimate the number of &amp;quot;true analogies&amp;quot; present in a large corpus, i.e., analogies which hold both on the level of form, as well as on the level of meaning.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> Formally, let us denote 'A' as some meaning, and L('A') as the set of all possible ways of realising 'A' in a particular language L. Let us denote A as some realisation of 'A', i.e., A [?]L('A'). With these notations, we want to count, in a given corpus, all cases where the following holds5.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7">  The reason for estimating the number of &amp;quot;true analogies&amp;quot; in a large corpus comes from the fact that it has been felt that &amp;quot;true analogies&amp;quot; between sentences are rare. There is a general feeling that analogy is well attested between words, i.e., on the level of morphology, but not so much between sentences6. We will show that, at least in the corpus we used, this feeling has to be reconsidered.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> 4In the third sentence, gravy is poured on vegan pies, while it is poured on Abby (!) in the fourth sentence. This is not parallel to the first and second sentences where Abby plays the same role. This would imply that there is something about to pour which does not come directly from its form nor from its meaning.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9">  that some necessary analogies cannot be built from linguistic data available to children constitutes in fact the basis of the &amp;quot;arguments from the poverty of the stimulus.&amp;quot; See (PULLUM and SCHOLTZ, 2002) and (LEGATE and YANG, 2002).</Paragraph>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>