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<Paper uid="P06-1056">
  <Title>Sydney, July 2006. c(c)2006 Association for Computational Linguistics Semi-Supervised Learning of Partial Cognates using Bilingual Bootstrapping</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="441" end_page="441" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Definitions
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> We adopt the following definitions. The definitions are language-independent, but the examples are pairs of French and English words, respectively. null Cognates, or True Friends (Vrais Amis), are pairs of words that are perceived as similar and are mutual translations. The spelling can be identical or not, e.g., nature - nature, reconnaissance - recognition.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> False Friends (Faux Amis) are pairs of words in two languages that are perceived as similar but have different meanings, e.g., main (= hand) main (= principal or essential), blesser (= to injure) - bless (= benir).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Partial Cognates are pairs of words that have the same meaning in both languages in some but not all contexts. They behave as cognates or as false friends, depending on the sense that is used in each context. For example, in French, facteur means not only factor, but also mailman, while etiquette can also mean label or sticker, in addition to the cognate sense.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Genetic Cognates are word pairs in related languages that derive directly from the same word in the ancestor (proto-)language. Because of gradual phonetic and semantic changes over long periods of time, genetic cognates often differ in form and/or meaning, e.g., pere - father, chef head. This category excludes lexical borrowings, i.e., words transferred from one language to another at some point of time, such as concierge.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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