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<Paper uid="P06-2096">
  <Title>Adding Syntax to Dynamic Programming for Aligning Comparable Texts for the Generation of Paraphrases</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="747" end_page="748" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Related work
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Our work is closest in spirit to the two papers that inspired us (Barzilay and Lee, 2003) and (Pang et al., 2003). Both of these papers describe how multiple sequence alignment can be used for extracting paraphrases from clustered texts. Pang et al. use as their input the multiple human English translations of Chinese documents provided by the LDC as part of the NIST machine translation evaluation. Their approach is to merge multiple parse trees into a single finite state automaton in which identical input subconstituents are merged while alternatives are converted to parallel paths in the output FSA. Barzilay and Lee, on the other hand, make use of classic techniques in biological sequence analysis to identify paraphrases from comparable texts (news from different sources on the same event).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In summary, Pang et al. use syntactic alignment of parallel texts while Barzilay and Lee use comparable (not parallel) input but ignore syntax. Our work differs from the two in that we apply syntactic information on aligning comparable texts and that the syntactic clues we use are drawn from Chunklink ilk.uvt.nl/ ~sabine/homepage/software.html output, which is further analysis from the syntactic parse trees.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Another related paper using multiple sequence alignment for text generation was (Barzilay and Lee, 2002). In that work, the authors were able to automatically acquire different lexicalizations of the same concept from &amp;quot;multiple-parallel corpora&amp;quot;. We also draw some ideas from the Fitch-Margoliash method for building evolutionary trees  1. A police official said it was a Piper tourist plane and that the crash had set the top floors on fire. 2. According to ABCNEWS aviation expert John Nance, Piper planes have no history of mechanical troubles or other problems that would lead a pilot to lose control. 3. April 18, 2002 8212; A small Piper aircraft crashes into the 417-foot-tall Pirelli skyscraper in Milan, setting the top floors of the 32-story building on fire. 4. Authorities said the pilot of a small Piper plane called in a problem with the landing gear to the Milan's Linate airport at 5:54 p.m., the smaller airport that has a landing strip for private planes. 5. Initial reports described the plane as a Piper, but did not note the specific model. 6. Italian rescue officials reported that at least two people were killed after the Piper aircraft struck the 32-story Pirelli building, which is in the heart of the city s financial district. 7. MILAN, Italy AP A small piper plane with only the pilot on board crashed Thursday into a 30-story landmark skyscraper, killing at least two people and injuring at least 30. 8. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone said the pilot of the Piper Air Commander plane had sent out a distress call at 5:50 p.m. just before the crash near Milan's main train station. 9. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone said the pilot of the Piper aircraft had sent out a distress call at 5:50 p.m. 11:50 a.m.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> 10. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone said the pilot of the Piper aircraft had sent out a distress call at 5:50 p.m. just before the crash near Milan's main train station. 11. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone said the pilot of the Piper aircraft sent out a distress call at 5:50 p.m. just before the crash near Milan's main train station.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> 12. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone told The AP the pilot of the Piper aircraft had sent out a distress call at 5:50 p.m. just before crashing.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> 13. Police say the aircraft was a Piper tourism plane with only the pilot on board. 14. Police say the plane was an Air Commando 8212; a small plane similar to a Piper. 15. Rescue officials said that at least three people were killed, including the pilot, while dozens were injured after the Piper aircraft struck the Pirelli high-rise in the heart of the city s financial district.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> 16. The crash by the Piper tourist plane into the 26th floor occurred at 5:50 p.m. 1450 GMT on Thursday, said journalist Desideria Cavina.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> 17. The pilot of the Piper aircraft, en route from Switzerland, sent out a distress call at 5:54 p.m. just before the crash, said police officer Celerissimo De Simone.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> 18. There were conflicting reports as to whether it was a terrorist attack or an accident after the pilot of the Piper tourist plane reported that he had lost control.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> 1. Police officer Celerissimo De Simone said the pilot of the Piper aircraft, en route from Switzerland, sent out a distress call at 5:54 p.m. just before the crash near Milan's main train station. 2. Italian rescue officials reported that at least three people were killed, including the pilot, while dozens were injured after the Piper aircraft struck the 32-story Pirelli building, which is in the heart of the city s financial district.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10">  described in (Fitch and Margoliash, 1967). That method and related techniques in Bioinformatics such as (Felsenstein, 1995) also make use of a similarity matrix for aligning a number of sequences.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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