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<Paper uid="C82-1051">
  <Title>PROCEDURAL MEANING REPRESENTATION BY CONNOTATIVE DEPENDENCY STRUCTURES. AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO WORD SEMANTICS FOR ANALOGICAL INEERENCING</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="319" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
INTRODUCTION
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In procedural approaches of linguistic semantics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence, natural language understanding systems make use of language and/or world knowledge bases. Defined as lexical structures, memory models or semantic networks, they are formatted according to whatever representational, explanatory or inferential purpose a particular simulation of processes and/or of understanding was aiming at (I). ~he language and world knowledge embodied in these systems, however, is restricted under two aspects: most of it is obtained introspectively and as such not warranted by any operational means or, whenever it seems to, these operations are not the permitting condition for, but a performiffg result of simple referencing in clear-cut environments.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Based mainly upon the investigatorS' or the system designers' own or some consulted experts' linguistic competence and/or world knowledge in a subject domain, the data considered semantically relevant to be organized in referential and/or conceptual structures (lists, arrays, networks, topologies, etc.) have a more or less ad hoc character and are confined to representing logically reconstructable propositions.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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