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<Paper uid="P82-1001">
  <Title>TRANSLATING ENGLISH INTO LOGICAL FORM'</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
I INTRODUCTION
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> When contemporary linguists and philosophers speak of &amp;quot;semantics,&amp;quot; they usually mean m0del-theoretic semantics-mathematical devices for associating truth conditions with Sentences. Computational linguists, on the other hand, often use the term &amp;quot;semantics&amp;quot; to denote a phase of processing in which a data structure (e.g., a formula or network) is constructed to represent the meaning of a sentence and serve as input to later phases of processing. {A better name for this process might be &amp;quot;translation&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;traneduction.&amp;quot;) Whether one takes &amp;quot;semantics&amp;quot; to be about model theory or translation, the fact remains that natural languages are marked by a wealth of complex constructions--such as tense, aspect, moods, plurals, modality, adverbials, degree terms, and sententiai complemonts--that make semantic specification a complex and challenging endeavor.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Computer scientists faced with the problem of managing software complexity have developed strict design disciplines in their programming methodologies. One might speculate that a similar requirement for manageability has led linguists (since Montague, at least) to follow a discipline of strict compositiouality in semantic specification, even though model*theoretic semantics per me does not demand it.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Compositionaiity requires that the meaning of a pbrase be a function of the meanings of its immediate constituents, a property that allows the grammar writer to correlate syntax and semantics on a rule-by-rule basis and keep the specification modular. Clearly, the natural analogue to compositionality in the case of translation is syntax-directed translation; it is this analogy that we seek to exploit.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> We describe a syntax-directed translation scheme that bears a close resemblance to model-theoretic approaches and achieves a level of perspicuity suitable for the development of large and complex grammars by using a declarative format for specifying grammar rules. In our formalism, translation types are associated with the phrasal categories of English in much the way that logical-denotation types are associated</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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