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<Paper uid="C86-1012">
  <Title>Particle Homonymy and Machine Translation</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1. Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> During the almost 40 years of its existence machine translation has undergone a considerable refinement in the fields of both syntactic parsing and semantic representation. The development of MT can be seen as a tendency to incorporate more and more linguistic knowledge into \[:he formalization of translational processes. Formalization has thus become a keyword for MT and has had several major implications. Firstly, it refers to the hypothesis that everything related to a given language is s t r u c t u r e d in one way or another. Secondly, formalization is an o b j e c t i v e m e a n s of testing the validity of the linguist's hypotheses about linguistic phenomena. Thirdly, it involves the linguist's h o p e that anything that has to do with language can in fact be formalized.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> At present, there are several semantic theories which could be labelled &amp;quot;formal semantics&amp;quot;. They are preoccupied with exploring the propositional content of different text-units and they do not deal with the phenomenon of &amp;quot;subjectivity&amp;quot;. Subjectivity, or self-expression, as \]Lyons /1981, 240/ has pointed out, &amp;quot;cannot be reduced to the expression of propositional knowledge and beliefs&amp;quot;. If we think of MT in its ideal form, i.e. not as an abstracting device, but as a system producing automatic translation, then the inadequacy of restriction to propositional content wi\]l be evidentdeg The present paper sets out to show that the expression of lexical subjectivity, conveyed by modal particles, should, and can, be accounted for in the process of MT.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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