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<Paper uid="C90-2009">
  <Title>A Logic-Based Government-Binding Parser for Mandarin Chinese</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1. Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Chinese is a highly flexible language, The same meaning may be represented in many different Chinese patterns. In other words, Chinese provides many ways for the native speakers to express their feelings. For example, a sentence like &amp;quot;I have told Mr. Lee that they want these books&amp;quot; in English, we can form multiple different patterns in Chinese:  (a) ~ ~i~ ~ \[np ~Zl Is ~f~\] ~ ~-~ ~1deg I have told \[np Mr. Lee\] \[s that they want these books\]. (b) \[np-:~ li,~J~ ~-~ ~ ti \[s t~ ~ ~ {~\]o \[tap Mr. Leeli, I have told t i \[s that they want these books\]. (c) ~ ~}=~ ~ \[np ~qg~\] \[s \[np ~ ~ :~ \]j {I.~ ~\] ~ tj\] 0 I have told \[tap Mr. Lee\] \[s that \[np these books\]j they want tj\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> (d) \[np i~li, ~ ~ ~ ti Is \[tap ~ ~ ~\]j 4~\] ~ tj\]o \[np Mr. Lee\] i, I have told t i \[s that \[np these books\]j they want tj\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> (e) \[rip ~:C/i~ \]i, \[tap i~-~-~ ~\]j, ~ ~ i~ t i \[s {~t ~ tj\]o  \[tap Mr. Lee\] i, \[np these books\]j, I have told t i Is that they want tj\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> In reality, it shows the specific pattern: topic-comment structure in Mandarin Chinese. Topicalization may be deemed one of the movement transformations. Examples (b) and (c) specify an object is moved to the topic position. Examples (d) and (e) are sentences with multiple topics. We can realize that the more predicates a sentence includes, the more topic positions it has. And thus, the more complicated patterns may be generated. It is good for the language users, however, it is difficult to process this type of languages in computer.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Chinese is also a highly context-sensitive hmguage. There are so many phenomena, e.g. index assigmnent, case marking, etc., depending on the context information even within a Chinese sentence. The index assignments in the topic-comment patterns shown above explain this point. Examples (d) attd (e) are legal interpretations. However, their bindings are different. The former is a serial binding, and the latter is a crossed binding. Serial binding is qot always true. For example, the index assignment cannot be * Inp-Z'~-~Ji\]t=L=li , \[np Lff. a:- ~ ~lj, ~\[J~ ~-~d~ i~,.'~ tj Is ~:~ ti\]o * \[np Mr. Lee\] i, \[tap these books\]j, I have told tj \[s that they want ti\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> This is because the object that someone told must be an animate. Therefore, the index assignment, which is a necess,'uy step toward correct interpretation of natural language sentences, is difficult in computer.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> This paper proposes a Government-Binding approach to deal with these highly flexible and context-sensitive languages such as Mandarin Chinese. It is organized as follows. Section 2 specifies the concepts of Government-Binding Theory.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> Section 3 gives a fortnal definition of Government-Binding based logic grammars. Section 4 demonstrates a Chinese parser from several context-sensitive constructions, and touches on the simple pronoun resolution within a Chinese sentence. Section 5 concludes the remarks.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8">  2. Government-Binding Theory Government-Binding (GB) Theory/Chomsky 1981, Sells 1985/is the descendant of Transformation Grammars/Radford 1981/. Its simplified organization is shown in Figure 1. Move - c~ , which is a general operation, moves anything anywhere between d-structure and s-structure, and between s-structure and logical foma. GB Theory includes a series of modules that contain constraints and principles which govern the movement transformation.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> The Projection Principle preserves the syntactic information and the semantic information at each level (d-structure, s-structure, and logical form) during the movement transformation. Trace Theory postulates that there exist various empty categories at various levels of mental representation. 48 1 1. Projection Principle d-structure s-structure - logical form 2. Empty Category 3. Binding Theory  Thus, we must have the capabilities to verify the relationship between the moved constituent and the empty constituent. GB Theory provides several mechanisms for the verification. The Empty Category Principle (ECP) says &amp;quot;A trace must be properly governed.&amp;quot; That is, we must find some cx that c-commands the trace /3 . And cx binds /3 iff (a) c, c-commands/3 , and (b) a and /3 are co-indexed. Their definitions are based on C-Command Condition. The C-Command Condition states the following: a c-eomman&amp;/3 if and only if the first branchit,g ~,ode dominating et also dominates /3, and ct does not itselJ dominate t3.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> It states a co-reference relation between a moved element and its mtce. The Subjaeency Condition is given in the following: Any application of Move - e~ may not cross more than one bounding node.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> \[t specifies island consuaints on the moved constituents. The Binding Theory/Sells 1985/shownbelow is used for simple pronoun resolution:  Anaphors include reflexive and reciprocals, pronominals include pronouns, and R-expressions include all other noun phrases.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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