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<Paper uid="C90-2044">
  <Title>Disambiguating Cue Phrases in Text and Speech</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
PttR.ASES, CLUE WORDS, DISCOURSE MAI:tKERS~ arid
DISCOURSE PARTICLES \[3, 4, 14, 17, 19\]. Some exarn-
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> pies are 'now', which marks the introduction of a new subtopic or return to a previous one, 'incidentally' and 'by the way', which indicate the beginning of a digression, and 'anyway' and 'in any case', which indicate return from a digression. In a previous study\[8\], we noted that such terms are potentially ambiguous between DISCOURSE and SENTENTIAL uses\[18\]. So, 'now' may be used as a temporal adverbial as well as a discourse marker, 'incidentally' may also function as an adverbial, and other cue phrases similarly have one or more senses in addition to their function as markers of discourse structure. Based upon an empiricM study of 'now' in recorded speech, we proposed that such discourse and sentential uses of cue phrases can be disambiguated intonationally. In particular, we proposed a prosodic model for this disambiguation which discriminated all discourse from *We thank Bengt Altenberg, l=tichaa-d Omanson mid Jan van Santen for providing information and helpful comments on this work.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> sentential uses of tokens in our sample. This model provided not only a plausibility argument for the disambiguation of cue phrases, but also the beginnings of a model for the generation of cue phrases in synthetic speech.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> In this paper, we show that our prosodic model generalizes to other cue phrases as well. We further propose an initial model for the disambiguation of cuc phrases in text. Wc base these claims upon a further empirical study: an examination of all cue phrases produced by a single speaker in part of a recorded, transcribed lecture. In Section 2 we review our own and other work on cue phrases, in Section 3 we describe our current empirical studies, in Section 4 we present the results of our analysis, and in Section 5 we discuss theoretical and practical applications of our findings.</Paragraph>
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