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<Paper uid="C90-2070">
  <Title>MacWhinney, B. Competition and Lexical Categoriza-</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="407" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2.2. MIDAS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Previously, we have succeeded in doing some automatic lexical acquisition by exploiting conventional metaphors as motivations for linguistic forms. In particular, Martin (1988) implemented the MIDAS system which both uses metaphoric word senses to help with language underdeg  standing, and to extend the lexicon when a new metaphoric use of a word is encountered. For example, the sentence &amp;quot;John have Mary a cold.&amp;quot; is presumed to make recourse to a &amp;quot;a cold is a possession&amp;quot; metaphor. We call such a conventionalized metaphor a core metaphor, since it seems to serve as the basis for related metaphoric uses. Thus, the sentence &amp;quot;John gave Mary a cold&amp;quot; is presumed to involve the &amp;quot;infecting with a cold is giving the cold&amp;quot; metaphor, which entails the previous &amp;quot;cold is possession&amp;quot; metaphor.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Suppose the system encounters an utterance like &amp;quot;John got the flu from Mary&amp;quot;, but is not familiar with this use of the verb &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;, nor with the notion of a flu being treated as a possession. Then both the available nondeg metaphoric sense of &amp;quot;get&amp;quot;, along with the metaphors involving diseases and possession, are brought to bear to hypothesize the word sense that might be in playo Hypotheses are generated by two kinds of lexical extent sion processes: core extension and similarity extension.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Understanding &amp;quot;get a cold&amp;quot; given an understanding of &amp;quot;give a cold&amp;quot; involves core extension, as the core meta~ phor &amp;quot;cold is possession&amp;quot; is extende~ to the &amp;quot;ge~i~g&amp;quot; concept; understanding &amp;quot;get the flu ~ given a~a under.deg standing of &amp;quot;get a cold&amp;quot; involves simfiharity extension~ as the generalization about a role in the metaphoric structure must be extended from colds to diseases in general Understanding &amp;quot;get the flu&amp;quot; given an under~ standing of &amp;quot;give a cold&amp;quot; involves both kinds of extension. null The MIDAS system has been used in conjunction witt~ UC to extend metaphoric word senses in the computer domain. The following is an example of MIDAS le~i~ ing a new sense of the word &amp;quot;kilF~ given that it knows some metaphoric extension~ of th~s ~nse o~s~de the computer do~nMn.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> # How can I kill a proces~? No valid interpretations. Attempting to extend existing metaphor.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> Searching for related known metaphors.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5">  You can kill a computer p~ocess by typing &amp;quot;c to the shelldeg Here MIDA~ tirst retdeves a mm~ber of metaphors related to the input; of these,, &amp;quot;KilbConversafion&amp;quot; ~s chosen as most applicable. A simple similarity exten~, sion is attempted, resulting in a proposed &amp;quot;Temfina~e.. Compnterq~ocess&amp;quot; metaphor for interpretation of ~e illpUtdeg Th~ inteipretation ~hus provided is passed ale~g to UC, which can answer ~his question. Meanwhi~e~ d~e metaphor is incorporated into OC's k~towledge ba~(~,.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> which ahows UC~s language generator to use the ,~e terminology in encoding the answerdeg MIDAS is discussed in detain in Marti~ (1988)o</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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