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<Paper uid="W93-0110">
  <Title>Acquiring Predicate-Argument Mapping Information from Multilingual Texts</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="108" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Predicate-Argument Mapping Representation
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Each lexical sense of a verb in our lexicon encodes its default predicate-argument mapping type (i.e. situation type), any word-specific mapping exceptions (i.e. idiosyncrasies), and  its semantic meaning (i.e. semantic concept) in addition to its morphological and syntactic information. In the following, we discuss these three levels in detail.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="107" end_page="108" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
2.1 Situation Types
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Each of a verb's lexical senses is classified into one of the four default predicate-argument mapping types called situation types. As shown in Table 1, situation types of verbs are defined by two kinds of information: 1) the number of subcategorized NP or S arguments and 2) the types of thematic roles which these arguments should or should not map to.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Since this kind of information is applicable to verbs of any language, situation types are language-independent predicate-argument mapping types. Thus, in any language, a verb of type CAUSED-PROCESS has two arguments which map to AGENT and THEME in the default case (e.g. &amp;quot;kill&amp;quot;). A verb of type PROCESS-OR-STATE has one argument whose thematic role is THEME, and it does not allow AGENT as one of its thematic roles (e.g. &amp;quot;die&amp;quot;). An AGENTIVE-ACTION verb also has one argument but the argument maps to AGENT (e.g. &amp;quot;look&amp;quot;). Finally, an INVERSE-STATE verb has two arguments which map to THEME and GOAL; it does not allow AGENT for its thematic role (e.g. &amp;quot;see&amp;quot;).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Examples from three languages are shown in Table 2.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> Although verbs in different languages are classified into the same four situation types using the same definition, mapping rules which map grammatical functions (i.e. subject, object, etc.) in the syntactic structures 1 to thematic roles in the semantic structures may differ from one language to another. This is because languages do not necessarily express the same thematic roles with the same grammatical functions. This mapping information is language-specific (cf. Nirenburg and Levin \[16\]).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> The default mapping rules for the four situation types are shown in Table 3. They are nearly identical for the three languages (English, Spanish, and Japanese) we have analyzed so far. The only difference is that in Japanese the THEME of an INVERSE-STATE verb is expressed by marking the object NP with a particle &amp;quot;-ga&amp;quot;, which is usually a subject</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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