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<Paper uid="C94-2118">
  <Title>Representing Information Need with Semantic Relations*</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="737" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Introduction
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Ill l'OCOl\[l; years&gt; 1,\[liWO \]l~lS; I',etq/ COllsidera, hie ii/l;el'eS\], in alq)lying l,cchni(luc's \['l'C)lll COlnl)ut;al;ioual liuguisl;ic,q l;o hiiprove vaJ'iOll,'-J aSl)ecl,s o1' inl'orlnid,ion i'ctricv;d (ILL) \[1\]. This p~q)cr d0scrihcs ucw I.cclmiques lbr ~xt:i';t(:l.illg SC, ilialil;iC I(nowlcdge fl'Olll online IiuguisLic i'c ,qOlll'(:(~s in order Lo l)rovidc b~fl,ter iilo/:\[l()ds ~\[' express hig III, qliel'ies.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> \]lelkili and (h'o\['|, \[2\] ilso~(\[ I, hc t(!rlll i.dDr.l(tli&lt;,~l ~c&lt;d \];o charaxfl;erize Lhe IlSel'&gt;S i liol,iwd;ion lT~i' using ;i, ll IlL sy,&lt;-;t(~iii, hi clirroiil; IlL ,qysl,t!lllS~ ilsi!rs tirsi, l,r;llisiate t;heir il/\['Ol'llla, l;iOll lleed int,o queries. The Ill, sysl,011i pr(wesscs l:hese queries ~li(i IllatCllO,q 1,\[1(~111 against ,'qlll'rogatl!s represenl,ing\] the toxi, (or lne&lt;lia) colll~cl, i(ms l,i) rcl,rieve eleluenl,s of Lhe collccti{.i l,ha, l, a,i'e i)ossibly l;}ie lies\], ina,Lches \];o l:iio ilser's queric,.,.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> In lliOSl; inl})rmaLi{m rei;ricwd ,&lt;-;y,~\],elil.q hi wid&lt;~ il.q(!, l, he qllrrogaJ,l~s For the c, ollection are wr)rcls or word (:(JllocaLi(ms i,\[i;i,\], ;tl'(~ ciLht,r cxl,r~cci,ecl aul,oiiial,ic;dly ~)l' provided I)y a l/tllli;I, li ilidexei'. This ('Oli,%i'ahl~ IJSCI'N I,() express \],heir queries as Ctillii/illat, ioii,q ()\[' words ()i' '~w)l'd co\]local,ions, resulLillg ill ~tll ilHt, CClll';t,L/~ o1' \[liaCi(~(lil~-tl,(~ des(:rilH;i,::,n o\[' 1;h(;ir il/l'orlli;itioll ime(I, ,qlllOal;ol/ \[\[\] characl,eriz0,q l;he ideal as a c(nicel)i;uai in\['orina, tion *This I'(\]St2DA'C}! 'lV~l.S sul)porl,ed in pari \]&gt;3' ;t. felh,wship \[runi Lhe \]nLcrva.\] \]{cse;i,l'ch (J~l'pOl.&amp;Lion. I iLlil gr;lte\[ul t&lt;&gt; \]'~l'fl.li \[$Og, lll';I.(?V, Ken l{aasc, I,ouis Weitzman and Ih&lt;: M;Lchilm {hl,lerstandlug group ;ll. the Media \[,ab tLr their fccdl);~ck .n this w.rk. Au thor's l,;-Ul~dh ;ulil(ll)mcdimnlll..cdu l'cl;l'ievaJ sysLcln, whcreill Ilscrs expross Lhcir IlCCd ~t,~ SOlllO colll\[)ill~l~iOll or COl/C(~,l)l;s ~LIIil th(~ sysI;(~l\[l lll;tl, ch(?8 lhese l,o concept~ represent iug I, he underlying t;exI, or media colhml:ioll. ALtempLs have beell made Lo buihl sm'h sysLelus for spcci\[ic dotHains, Iml, how to aut,,&gt; maJ, ically cxLracl; ~11(1 rcpreseJH; concepl,s in general is still Far From cle~w.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> Many researchers in comlmt~dJonal linp;uistic,~ haVo roc.gnized theft elect, tonic dictiom~ries could bc used to ~Mdl'ess t;his collceptuM inlSrmalAon botlJcncck (e.g., \[3, 4\]) and a, lot of work has I)een devoted hztoly 1,o (tXtl'&amp;Cl,\[ll~ S(!/iI3Jlt,iC I'e\[aJ;iolls \])(fl;wcell words (e.g., \[5\]). This resca, rch allows queries to he cx pressed as cnmbinaticms not, ()lily of wor(ls but, Msc, o\[' scm;mtic rchd;ions. '1'() l,;dC/c a simple exanlple, hfl \[is }LHSIIIIIC I,\[lilJ, 1,\]1(~ sysl,t!ltl has ~L(:cess 1;o ;-L database oF ificture,~ of ;mim:ds with th,~ names of :miiHals as l\]le mlrl'ogaJ;l~s. If a user is inl,crestc(1 iu picturc,~ of (I.gs, the query \[X A-KINI)-()F (log\] is (:OlL%r/l(:t(!(\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> 'l'}l(' sysl,Cl|l \])roc(,sst~s LILt&amp;quot; (lll(!ry (,o rel, ri(w(~ pictur(~s w\[ios(&amp;quot; siil'l'og&amp;l,es al'(! WOl'(\]s like &amp;quot;hassct hotlll(J/' &amp;quot;i)(2;tK\[I!,&amp;quot; }llld SO 011 SiliCe Lilt! qllcry IIUd;(:\]tes Lhe scumnl, i(: rchlLions, \[Imss~t hound A-KIN D() F dog\], \[beagle A-KINI) OF dog\], etc. Thus, scNi~ultic rcla l ious cHahlc the user I.o (:Oll:-Jl;rll0L queries Lhzrl. corre :.pond \]:(i enLire cla~ses of wor(l-hased queries.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> The niahi purl'Ji/se of this l)ad)cr i~ t,- &amp;'scribe&amp;quot; iiew teclmiques for extracl, iug ~c\[ii;tlil,ic relaOions l,ll;d: wcr&lt;&amp;quot; insl,ircd hy i;he work of Quilli:m \[(J\]. Q,lillinn denionsl, raLe(I Lila, l: by organizing individuM s&lt; ln~mt.ic relations inLo SCllt~tlll.ic net;works, one c~mld oI'd;~tin c(n,q&gt;osii;ions o\[&amp;quot; exisLing SClUallLiC i'(!l~l, lii()llH I).y a process o\]' sl)rendiug ncl;iwtl, ion. l&lt;'or (!x~/JllpI0, l,\]ie I,wo rl?\]aJ;iOllS, \[basset hl')liUd A-KIND ()1&amp;quot; dog;\] mid \[&lt;.log IIAS-PA lit tail\]&gt; c~m be coliil)OSe(l l;() yield \[hassei; hound IIAS-I'A 1{:1' tail\].</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> \]11 this palml' , we dcscrilm a I)rCtgl'~/.lll in which imli vidlml ,&lt;~nliianl,io rcla, l,ion,s exl,ra, cl;ed l'roni a dictionary }II'(~ (:OIIlt)O&gt;q(!(\] /,0 yield m~w SOIIlall{,i(: rel:d,i(ins Ion&amp;quot; l'e t, ricv;d over a dal,abase o\[' l)icl;urcs. We zulclress l,hree issues l,tiat, arise in this COlii/ecl, io\[l: * (Joul;ro\[ ()\[' sproa(liilg ax't, ivation: UnbOUll(ie(\] sprea.(lilig ax'tiwttiou o\['l;01l resultis ill gOl'lileCtillg word,'-; \]Jir(lugh rela, Liclns Llia, L do nol, rail ini, o a, liy desired type. To be ti,sc:\[u\[, ii, is liecessa, ry Lo coil ti'oi spreadir~g a,ctiwltion so l;hat only relai, ion,q oF  the desired types are /bnnd.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> * l,',quivalence of alternative compositions: Depending on (;lie conligural, ion of the semantic network, there might be several acceptable alternatives that yield the same new conlposed relation.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> * Word-sense ambiguity: Since individual semantic relations are extracted from the dictionary text, it is necessary to constrahl i, he spreading activation to tile &amp;quot;correct&amp;quot; senses of the target word.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> Section 2 describes the test database that we have heen using and semantic relations that are useful for retrieval over this database. In Section 3, we descrihe a pattern-based approach that we haw~ emt)loyed to control spreading activation and recognize alternative compositions. In Section 4, we present the results and analysis of a series of tests that we conducted to test the accuracy of&amp;quot; the progr~m~ and its coverage as coral)areal to a hand-coast, rutted systeul, WordNet \[7\]. This section also describes and ewthlales a new word-sense disambiguation technique that is based on knowledge of the semantic relations involving tile ambiguous word. FinMly, Section 5 includes a brief sulnmary of the work and discusses issues that riced to be addressed in future work.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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