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<Paper uid="C94-2142">
  <Title>F()C, I )N &amp;quot;()NI_X&amp;quot; ANI) &amp;quot;N()T&amp;quot;</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 Abstraction and Focus
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The g,~mera.I aim of ISis l)a.l~er is to show h()w t,o use locus I;o decotnpose the ii~l, erpreL:.~t, ioJl of a.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> phra, se iul;o two) pa..rl, s, where, oue pa, rt is I, he iittez'prel;.;:d, ion ,.ff I, he \['o,::t+ssed item a,n(l the or;her is sotn,:; o1:,\],::,,::1; with which this ca.n comlJine. Sup-pose, \['or exa.ml&gt;le, we t.h(+ughl, l.ha, t; the VP ./., a</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> In other words, this VP is au M&gt;str~tction over (Welll, S whel'() SOlllel)of\[y ,Fbl, e a \[)ea,(;h. :l'hen we w,mhl w~-/,tl \[ the two objed, s corresponding to 1,he in terpl'eLal, iolt o\[ a/,c a l)Cac/z to be somet h ing \]ike:  llere w0 ha, ve extra,cto(I th(: (hmotatiotl of peach a,s tim i)rol)erty of heing a I)each, and (:onv(u't(~d tho int(u'l)reta,tion o\[ t.h(&gt; VI ) to an al)sl,:ra,(:l;iOli which will (:onil)hm a, pl)rol)ria,tely with this t)rol)el:ty to r(;l)roduce tile orJgit:ia,1 ilito.riJr(%i~tioll 2 ~;llere 0.Is(; do we see it. p\[lenon~enon o\[ this  kind? CoJisi(ler l, he \[ol\[owing 17)hra,ses: (7) lhe man who stole your bike (8) the man a,,h,o l wanlM ;~jo'ts to meal l:n (7) Irh(} i)roperl;y o\[' being it illa,ll combhlos wil, h  l,h(~ l)IX)liorl;y o\[' boing SOllIOOtle who sto\[o .yoII 1' })i ke to (:onst ru(% ~ context ually .fi n i m a\] u niq uo (: hara,(:lerisai;ion of i;hc' I'Ol(wa;iil; individ iial, an(t silni\]a, rly in (S). 'Po a, chi(;v(~ this&gt; wc need (o hit;orpl:ot tl:to rc\]~tive pl;O:llOUllS in the two rcla.tivo clauses a,s leaving a holo ill th(; int(u'iireta,tlon ()\[' claltso and ilion ++bstrax:l;hlg with rosl)ocl0 to that hoh~. This is clea, r rot (8), b.t it, also holds for (7) ir we w+..,</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> wh(we 1,ho qua,ntifier introduced I)y tho su\[)ject does uol; in fa,(:l; ha.v(', maximal SCOl)e (an axlalysis l ha,re argued for e\]sewhere \[l{~uilsa,y 1992a,\]). The t rc, i~t men t o1' (8) cleady req ui resm u ch t he samo me(:hanism as we will require i\[' w(:, want to d(&gt;a,I with f()(:us ~'ts outline(I above, a.ud tills ma.y or may not a, lso hold rot (7). Any serious NI,\] ) systom will inelu(l(; some w~y of (h~a, lii~g with tlio iut(u't)retation oi' ca,sos like (8), a,nd almost a, ny such :mech&lt;~nism should I)e Ol)Cn 1o a,da, t)tation to dea,\] with focus a,long l;he suggesl, e(l lines. ()no  tionM conne(:tivcs o\[ pr(xlical,e cal(:uhls as wc li~vc }icr(~ wil, hout rlll/llillg inl,o I,\[ic pa,radoxes o\[sclf-rcl'or(uicc \[{/is sc,.l/'s p;n'adox, tim \],i;tr, and so on. Tim nolal.ion used in this paper looks, for lJie s;tkc of \[a.miliarity, llke a. comb\[ n,~tion of X-calculus ;tnd pl:edlcate c~dcuhls, but is hi \['act t lurncr s\[1987\] grounded in the l:evlsion4)~sed semantics o ....</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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