<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="W97-1313">
  <Title>S ENTENTIAL PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH AND NORWEGIAN</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="88" type="intro">
    <SectionTitle>
2 COGNITIVE STATUS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Gundel, Hedberg, and Zacharski 1993 (henceforth GHZ) propose that a particular form conventionally signals that the referent of the expression has a certain cognitive (memory or attention) status for the addressee. In English, for example, an unstressed pronoun such as it signals that the addressee's attention is currendy focused on the intended referent.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Since the addressee's attention will normally be focused on only one or two entities at a time, the number of possible referent candidates for an unstressed pronoun is very low, and referent resolution is therefore made possible even though the descriptive content of a pronoun is very limited.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> GHZ assume that there are six cognitive statuses relevant for the distribution of referring expressions: The connection between these statuses and their corresponding forms in English is illustrated in the Givenness Hierarchy in Figure 1 (because of space limitations, we list only the 3 highest statuses here.)</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="88" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
The Givenness Hierarchy
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> it that, this that N Figure 1 Figure 1 shows what cognitive status is necessary for an expression with a given form to be used appropriately. This does not exclude the possibility that an entity that has a certain cognitive status can be referred to with a form that is to the right of this status in the hierarchy since the higher statuses (to the left in the table) imply all the lower ones. For instance, the demonstrative determiner 'that' can be used when the referent is familiar, but not activated. And it can also be used when the  'i i referent is in focus. An unstressed personal pronoun, such as it, on the other hand, can only be used appropriately if the speaker's intended referent is in the addressee's focus of attention.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>