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<Paper uid="W00-1215">
  <Title>Semantic Annotation of Chinese Phrases Using Recursive-Graph</Title>
  <Section position="4" start_page="103" end_page="104" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3. Recursive Graph
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> One major concern for semantic annotation of linguistic forms is what semantic information will be coded, or more generally, what is their semantic information, which has long been a quite controversial question. From the point of view of concepts, linguistic forms including phrases semantically refer to concepts, which we think generally fall within four categories: a) preliminary concept. For example, we may see the word tl/~(/wu/, thing) denotes a prefiminary concept.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> b) compositional concept or situtm'on, which consists of some concepts and their relation 4. For example, phrase 1) with the meaning 3) denotes a situation including the concepts the two content words, :i~l~L(/zousi/, smuggle) and ~(/qiche/, car), denote respectively, and their relationship, ~llJ{:(/shoushi/, patient). 4 relation is also a specific kind of concopts, e.g., ~$(/shoushi/, patient) is a relation between ~L(/zousi/, smuggle) and ~(/qicheJ, car).  c) subordinate concept or specific concept within a situation, for example, phrase 1) with the meaning 4) refers to the concept denoted by ~(/qiche/, car) in the situation mentioned in b).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> d) subordinate feature, or specific feature of a situation or a concept, which generally stands for the relationship between a situation or a concept and another unknown concept. Consider 23).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> girl of appearance the appearance of girls In this phrase, the word ~t'~ (/waimao/, appearance) denotes a feature of the concept the word ~i~i~l~ (/guniang/, girl) denotes, and the value of this feature doesn't occur in this phrase.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> Notice that the concepts within one situation themselves may be compositional concepts, subordinate concepts or subordinate features, so the concepts that linguistic forms including phrases denote generally presents a kind of hierarchical structure. In fact, this hierarchical structure in return represents the main semantic information of linguistic forms.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> We introduce recursive graph as formal diagram to represent the hierarchical structure of linguistic forms. Let Po be the set of preliminary points, we call pc Po a O-level graph. Suppose Pi~-Po, Ei(~-Po) is the set of the edges between points in P1, Ri(~(PlX El)) is the set of relations between points in PI and edges in Et s, then: s Here, Edges are also points. An edge point connecting two other points here equals an edge in a traditional definition of graph.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> level edge-headed graph; iv) 1-level concepts comprise 1-1evel compositional graphs, l-level point-headed graphs, and 1-level edge-headed graphs.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> Let ,_o=Po, Zn-1 be the set of (n-1)-leveI graphs, suppose Pn~(,.ouZiu .... ,Za4), (PnnXn.1)C/NIL, En(C-Pn) is the set of the edges between points in P~, Rn(C(P=x En)) is the set of relations between points in P= and edges in En, then:  level point-headed graph; &lt;&lt;P~, E~, Rn&gt;, e&gt; (e~En) is a n-level edge-headed graph; n-level concepts comprise n-level compositional graphs, n-level point-headed graphs, and n-level edge-headed graphs.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> Intuitively, O-level graph corresponds with preliminary points, compositional graph corresponds with situation, point-headed graph corresponds with subordinate concept, and edge-headed graph corresponds with subordinate feature.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="104" end_page="106" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4. Annotation Guidelines
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In general, Chinese phrases can roughly be classified into five categories, i.e., subpredicate, verb-object, modifier-center, verbcomplement, and coordinate. We give some examples in the following for each category.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="104" end_page="105" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.1 Sub-predicate
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In general, the phrase :in this category denotes a compositional concept. For example, 24) can be annotated as 25).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  Intuitively, the concept the word Jti!i~l~(/guniang/, girl) denotes has a feature, ~t'~ (/waimao/, appearance), and its value is ~(/piaoliang/, beautiful). In other words, there exists a relationship, i.e., ~l'~(/waimao/, appearance), between the two concepts denoted by ~rdi~l~(/guniang/, girl) and ~-~ (/piaoliang/, beautiful) respectively 6.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="105" end_page="105" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.2 Verb-object
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Similar with sub-predicate phrases, the phrase in this category also denotes a compositional concept. Phrase 1) with the meaning 3) is an example, and can be annotated as 26).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 26) ~$~ ~ Intuitively, there exists a relationship, i.e., ~l:(/shoushi/, patient), between the two concepts denoted by ;~t~L (/zousi/, smuggle) and ~ (/qiche/, car) respectively.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="105" end_page="105" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.3 Modifier-center
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The phrase in this category generally denotes a subordinate concept. The center here in the phrase can be a verb, a noun or an adjective.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> As examples, 27) and 28) are annotated as  Intuitively, the two concepts denoted by the two content words ~t (/guniang/, girl) and ~g~ (/piaoliang/, beautiful) in 27) and 28) hold the same relationship, i.e., C/t'~(/waimao/, appearance) as in 24). The difference lies in that the phrases 27) and 28) both have a head, i.e., ~i~i~l~ (/guniang/, girl) and ~-~ (/piaoliang/, beautiful) respectively.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Another example is 23), it denotes an subordinate feature, annotated as 31) 7.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> I Intuitively, the concept denoted by ~t(/guniang/, girl) has a feature ~b~ (/waimao/, appearance), which is the head of this phrase.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="4" start_page="105" end_page="106" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.4 Verb-complement
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> For the phrase in this category, the semantic relationship between its two parts, i.e., verb and complement, is very complicated (Ma, 1987); even there is no direct semantic links 6 Unless necessary, we don't list the link between concepts and relation names.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 7 The link between ~i~l~(/guniang/, girl) and ~b~(/waimao/, appearance) denotes a relation between concepts and relationships.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2">  between them sometimes. Consider 32) and 33).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3">  /chi/ /bao/ eat full.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> to eat and be full 33) ~ 't~ /pao/ /kuai/ run fast to run fast In 32), {~(/bao/, full) has a direct link with the agent of ~(/chi/, eat), in which sense the two concepts denoted by ~\[g(/bao/, full) and ~(/chi/, eat) has no direct semantic link. We don't consider such phrases in our annotation temporarily. In contrast, in 33), 'I~(/kuai/, fast) acts as the value of one feature :~.~(/sudu/, speed) of ~(/pao/, run), in which sense it has a direct semantic link with ~C/~(/pao/, run). They form a subordinate concept, annotated as 34).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> 34) ~-q '\[~</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="5" start_page="106" end_page="106" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.5 Coordinate
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In general, the phrase in this category denotes a compositional concept. As an example, consider 35).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  Intuitively, there is a relationship, i.e., 9-f (/bing/, and), between the two concepts denoted by the two words. So, it can be annotated as 36).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> 36) ~</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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