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<Paper uid="P06-2015">
  <Title>Sydney, July 2006. c(c)2006 Association for Computational Linguistics An Account for Compound Prepositions in Farsi</Title>
  <Section position="5" start_page="113" end_page="113" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
5. /bar/ + /asa s-e/ + /mota le'a t/
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> p complement (n) &amp;quot;on + bases&amp;quot; (of) researches The first question we try to answer is: Does the immediate noun after the preposition in (5), behave like other nouns as complements in PPs? To answer this question we should make sure whether the noun (complement) is as independent as the other nouns in 'preposition + nouns' making prepositional phrases, or it is somehow merged with the preposition producing compound preposition.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> There are some structural tests to reveal this. If the noun here expands as other nouns in other prepositional phrases we can conclude that the related structure is a phrase, otherwise it is better to think about them as compound prepositions.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="6" start_page="113" end_page="114" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3 Extending the structure under
discussion
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="113" end_page="113" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.1 Premodifiers
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The noun in prepositional phrases, can be extended in different ways while as the examples below show, the related structures cannot:  3.1.1 Demonstratives 6. bar (*in) asa s-e motale'a te da nesmanda n on (this) bases-of researches-of scientists hava -ye zamin garmtarsode 'ast climate-of earth increased has &amp;quot;Based of scientists' researches the climate of earth has increased&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 6' ) bar (in) ba m-e xa ne kasi ra h miraft. on (this) roof-of house someone (was) walking 3.1.2 Superlatives 7) bar (*jadid-tarin) asa s-e mota le'at-e ... on the newest basis-of researches-of 7' ) bar (ziba -tarin) ba m-e xa ne ... on the most beautiful roof-of house 3.1.3 Exclamatories 8) bar (*che!) asa s-e mota le'a t-e ... on what! a basis-of researches-of 8' ) bar (che!) ba m-e xa ne ...</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> on (what!) a roof of house 3.1.4 Quantifiers 9) bar (*har) asa s-e mota le'a t-e ... on (every) basis-of researches-of 9' ) bar (har) ba m-e xa ne ...</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> on (every) roof-of house 3.1.5 Question words 10) bar (* che) asa s-e mota le'a t-e ...? on what basis-of researches 10' ) bar (che) ba m-e xa ne-i ...? on what roof-of house 3.1.6 Indefinite /yek/ 'one' 11) bar (*yek) asa s-e mota le'a t-e ... on one basis-of researches 11' ) bar (yek) ba m-e xa ne ...</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> on (one) roof-of house</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="113" end_page="114" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.2 Post Modifiers
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Nouns in prepositional phrases can expand with post modifiers while nouns in our structure cannot.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  12) az Ja neb (*haye) dowlat va mardom from side (s)-of government and nation masa 'eli matrah sod.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> affairs raised was &amp;quot;Some affairs were raised by government and nation.&amp;quot; 12' ) as keta b (ha-ye) Ali estefa de kardam. from book (s)-of Ali used I did.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> 13) be elate (*pus-e) ba randegi mada res ta'til sod.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> to cause-of (vain-of) raining schools closed were.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> &amp;quot;schools were closed because of the vain reason of raining.&amp;quot; 13' ) bar ba m-e (ziba-ye) xa ne qadam bogzar. on roof-of (beautiful-of) house step put. &amp;quot;step on the beautiful roof of the house.&amp;quot;  14) bar asa s-e (*pa ye-ye) mota le'a t-e da nesmanda n on basis-of (base-of) researches-of scientists 14' ) Ali az xa ne (mahale zendegi)-ash dur sode ast.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> Ali from house (place-of living)-his far made is.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="8"> &amp;quot;Ali has left his house-his place of living.&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="114" end_page="114" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.3 Conclusion
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The conclusion we extract out of these observations imposes some hypotheses: 1) The noun in these kinds of structures has lost its independent status and the whole structure has turned into a morphological compound preposition.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 2) The intended construction, is a special kind of &amp;quot;compound&amp;quot; probably a syntactic compound, in which not all characteristics of morphological compounds can be observed.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> To evaluate the first hypothesis, we should first identify the criteria of compound words in these apparent phrases.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="7" start_page="114" end_page="115" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4 Compound Words in Farsi
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Farshid vard (1351) believes it's very difficult to identify and define the compound words in Farsi, because to gain the criteria of compound words, we should recognize compound forms from some other related and close structures, such as derived words and phrases.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> In a phrase, grammatical roles of the parts are devoted as one to the head and the whole group rather than the parts contributes to the role of the phrase. Different ways of argumentation that can be established for distinction between phrases and compound words can be classified into 4 classes: phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="114" end_page="114" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.1 Phonological Argumentation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> It is assumed that prepositions in Farsi do not bear any accent. This assumption comes from the fact that accent pattern in Farsi is in a any that the last or the farthest member of the group (phrase) takes the accent, except in marked structures; and as prepositions do not occur at the end of the phrase (PPs are head-first, as the other phrases in Farsi), they never take the accent.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Eslami (1379: 28) states this fact as the &amp;quot;Headescape Principle&amp;quot;: &amp;quot;In all cases, with expanding the head of a syntactic phrase, the accent of the phrase falls on the farthest member.&amp;quot; 15. [[az] [' xa ne]] &amp;quot;from the house&amp;quot; 16. [[az] [xa ne-ye] [' reza ]] &amp;quot;from the house-of Reza&amp;quot; The above observations, i.e.: 1. Accent on the last modifier and 2. Accent on the last syllabus of the word we conclude that the pattern of accent of the compound prepositions and prepositional phrases are absolutely the same.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> In fact phonological reasons and criteria do not help of any kind.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="114" end_page="114" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.2 Morphological Argumentation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> All what was mentioned in previous section as expanding possibility of PPs can also be considered as morphological criteria.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="114" end_page="115" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.3 Syntactic Argumentation
4.3.1 Topicalization
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> In topicalization &amp;quot;one word&amp;quot; can be topicalized out of a phrase but not out of a compound word.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  17. Tamiz kardan-e keta b-xa ne ba Ali-st. cleaning-of book-case with Ali is.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> &amp;quot;cleaning book-case is with Ali&amp;quot; 17' . *keta b tamiz kardan-e xa ne-ash ba Ali-st. book cleaning-of case-its with Ali is.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> &amp;quot;book, cleaning of its case is with Ali.&amp;quot; In (17) (keta b) is a part of a compound word from which no part can be topicalized.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> Now let's see what happens if we topicalize a word in our construction.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> 18. ba Ali dar mored-e da nesga h sohbat kardam. with Ali in case-of university talk I made.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> &amp;quot;I talked with Ali about the university.&amp;quot; 18' . *mored-e da nesga h, ba Ali daresh sohbat kardam.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> case-of university, with Ali in-it talk I made.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="8"> &amp;quot;About university, I talk about it with Ali.&amp;quot;  Two similar constituents can be coordinated but not parts of compound words: Noun out of PPs: 19. Hasan ba [dust va dosman] moda ra mikonad. Hassan with [friend and enemy] bears &amp;quot;Hassan bears every one.&amp;quot; Parts of prepositions: 19' . *be [dalil-e va ellat-e] sarma madrese-ha ta'til sod.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="9"> to [reason-of and cause-of] cold schools closed became.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="10"> &amp;quot;Because of cold schools were closed.&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="4" start_page="115" end_page="115" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.4 Semantic Argumentation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Close semantic observation of these constructions reveal that the nouns in the above mentioned combinations are special kind of nouns with particular semantic features.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> All the nouns are &amp;quot;noun-referential&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;abstract&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> /dar mored-e/, /dar zamine-ye/, /bar asa s-e/ in case-of in field-of on basis-of &amp;quot;about&amp;quot; &amp;quot;about&amp;quot; &amp;quot;on&amp;quot; /bar hasb-e/, /az heis-e/, /az laha z-e/ on according from aspect from aspect &amp;quot;according&amp;quot; &amp;quot;according&amp;quot; &amp;quot;point of view&amp;quot; /bar asar-e/ on cause-of &amp;quot;because of&amp;quot; Another point to be mentioned is a delicate semantic difference between the meaning of these nouns in other constructions and in combination with prepositions. For example &amp;quot;dalil&amp;quot; in following two sentences does not bear the same semantic features.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> 20. man dalil-e harf-haye soma ra nemifahmam. I reason-of talks your don't understand.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> &amp;quot;I do not understand the reason of your talks&amp;quot;. 20' . man be dalilt-e harf-haye soma jalase ra tark kardam.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> I to cause-of talks your meeting left.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> &amp;quot;I left the meeting because of your talks&amp;quot;. &amp;quot;dalil&amp;quot; in (20) has the semantic components of &amp;quot;argumentation, base, reason&amp;quot;, but in (20' ) &amp;quot;because, for&amp;quot;.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> Still another point worth mentioning is that most of the class members are synonymous in one way or another:  - dar mored-e, dar zamine-ye, dar xosus-e, dar ba re-ye, dar ba b-e, dar atra fe, &amp;quot;about&amp;quot; - bar asa s, bar paye-ye, bar hasb-e &amp;quot;on, on the basis&amp;quot; - az nazar-e, az heis-e, az laha z-e, az jahat-e &amp;quot;according to&amp;quot; - be mojarad-e, be mahze &amp;quot;once&amp;quot; - be mojeb-e, be ellat-e, be dalil-e &amp;quot;because of&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="8" start_page="115" end_page="116" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
5 Concluding the Discussion
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> Through same constituency tests, we showed that these constituents do not obey the phrasal characteristics. On the other hand, criteria of distinguishing compound words from syntactic phrases demonstrate that these forms are not so merged into each other in a way that they can be called fixed morphological compounds. It seems that they are in a transition phase from PPs to compound Ps. So although they are compounds we should look for the process of word formation  to take place in some other places rather than the morphology, i.e. in syntax.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> The argumentation proposed by the author is &amp;quot;incorporation&amp;quot;, which can account for the behavior of such constructions in Farsi.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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