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<Paper uid="C80-1085">
  <Title>CONTENT GUIDED ANSWER SEARCH SYSTEM FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
1 INTRODUCTION:
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> To substitute one partner n natural language dialogs by a computer, a model dialog should be chosen, which uses besides user utterances also system alerts for input. These alerts are triggered by the user's action. The introduced &amp;quot;Standard 80&amp;quot; thesaurus meets these demands. It concerns ground and ramp control activities in ATCL dialogs between pilots and air controllers. In those Air ~raffic ~ontrol Language dialogs taxy procedures by the user, in this case the pilot, are in addition monitored by sensors at the apron. Thus, besides &amp;quot;primary inputs&amp;quot; by pilot utterances also &amp;quot;secondary inputs&amp;quot; by the system help the content guided answer search mechanism. The ATCL at international airports has been reduced to one  --559-particular language English - already in the fifties. In a minimum of time elapse a maximum of information flux between the dialog partners is needed.This postulate causes all grammatical components with a low level efficiency rate to be abolished naturally.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Considering most recent structural evaluations, formalization results of natural 6 language led to the determination of : &amp;quot;key features of content; KFCs~I~y~ ~ a matching procedure of input KFCs with twin KFCs stored in a ROM, prepared answers can be triggered. But, a match instruction can be also used to trigger a sequence of deuter, which are implemented in a time-analoguous read-only array.The trigger procedure of deuter sequences is faster than that of prepared answers.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Especially if more voluminous thesauri are used But, up to the present, an actualizing of deuter sequences is still missing proper morphological agglutinations. Automatically triggered deuter sequences appear in isolated morphologies.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> For this purpose an &amp;quot;algorithm of pro- G gressive agglutination&amp;quot; is under consideration, by which syntax particles and additional syntax rules can be mingled into deuter sequences. For the ATCL however deuter sequences without too many syntagms are quite sufficient.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2 &amp;quot;STANDARD 80&amp;quot; A MODEL THESAURUS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
2.1 Alphabetical Sequence
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> 100 meanings = 82 deuter plus 18 syntax particles, ATCL, Ground Control, 121.9 Mc, Stuttgart International Airport: in alphabetical order, syntax particles underlined: null affirmative, airborne frequency, altimeter setting, approved, apron, 6 Armycopter, backtrack, behind, 9 brake maifunction, calling, call sign, caution, center line, Cessna 172, change to 118.8, charlie, circle/circling, clearance, cleared to, construction work, contact radar 125.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 05, contact tower 118.8, continue, correct, 25 crossing, D-EIPV, departing, departure route 28, exit point, expect level change en route, 31 expedite, fire truck, flight level, follow, follome, 36 for, go ahead, 38 goodbye, Hamburg airport, helicopter, 41 hover, information, 43 intersection, level change en route, Lima, local flight, Lufthansa Boing, 48 Lufthansa 792, maintain, military aircraft 50, next, 52 November departure, on grass, 125.05, opposite direction,out, outbound, 58 over, Pan Am Clipper, parking area, permission, please, position, 64 present, QNH 1019 mb, 66 QNH 1009 mb, radar 125.05, ramp, ready to, readback, refueling, request, ro_r_o_~_e~_, runway 26, 75 runway 08, say again, slow down, special VFR, standby, start up clearance, start up engines, stay clear off, stop, 84 Stuttgart Tower, takeoff, taxy clearance, taxy/taxying, this is, to the West, 90 type of aircraft, 91 via departure route, wait, we are, what, when airborne call radar 125.05, when ready, wilco, 98 wind, 99 you are, I00 0493 PA.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Appearing numbers within the deuter accumulation in alphabetical order, are interim counts from i to I00.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3">  18 Syntax Particles: 1. affirmative, 2. approved, 3. correct, 4. for, 5. go ahead, 6. goodbye, 7. next, 8. out, 9. over, I0. please, 11. roger,  12. standby, 13. this is, 14. we are, 15.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> what, 16. when ready, 17. wilco, 18. you are.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5">  1 Talk and requests are only permitted, if the line is empty.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> 2 Confirmation of instruction is possible by repetition of the instruction, or major parts in it.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> 3) Subject/Predicate-Sequence (SP).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="8"> 4) Confirmation of partner utterance by stating the last two letters of the aircraft identification.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="9"> 5 Abbreviation of high frequency phrases to short expressions: examples: &amp;quot;will comply with&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;wilco&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;understood&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;roger&amp;quot;. 6 Extension of easy misunderstood high frequency syntax particles, e.g.&amp;quot;no&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;negative&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;yes&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;positive&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;affirmative&amp;quot; 7 All dialogs should not contain more than six cycles (dialog cycles).</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="10"> 8) All dialogs should not contain more than six input- and six output deuter except for en route clearances.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="11"> 9 Absolute obligation of pilot to confirm QNH-data.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="12"> I0) Urgent obligation to confirm the: &amp;quot;change to 118.8&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;118.8&amp;quot; the runway frequency as a sign, the dialog is finished.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="13"> II After the second cycle the aircraft identification should be abbreviated from e.g &amp;quot;D-EIPV&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;D-PV&amp;quot;. 12) Each tower utterance should possibly commence with the aircraft identification. null</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3 LANGUAGE COMPONENTS AND THEIR TERMINO-
LOGY
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.1 Content Units (meanings)
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> A natural language L n expression thesaurus can be split into a) a group of substantiva verba, and adjectiva 6 , , the SVAs and b) a group of syntagms (Fig. i). If the SVAs, possibly in lemma shape, are</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="6" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
PARTICLES |RULES
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> defined after their sub-criteria, the deuter_criteria6,1~hey. 4 are called &amp;quot;deuter&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.2 The Six Deuter-Criteria: 6
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> 1) Identity: given by DC-enumeration.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 2) Age: absolute and relative, also in comparison to dialog cycles.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> 3) Association: A v and A h, vertical and horizontal, A v is to compare with edges in a directed graph.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> 4) Frequency: absolute and relative, is in smaller thesauri related to the significance value.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> 5) Significance: has influence on syntax rules and their deuter, e.g.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> No. 9, (2.3) very high value.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> 6) Truth: also existent in smaller dialogs. If untrue utterances by the pilot are given as e.g.&amp;quot;mercedes benz&amp;quot; after the tower inquiry: &amp;quot;type of aircraft?&amp;quot; or, &amp;quot;profane&amp;quot; utterances like: idiot, nonsense, etc. They are not permitted and thus &amp;quot;untrue&amp;quot; 3.3 Syntagms 3.3.1 Definition: Syntax Particle Excluding SVA-Lemmata, all suffixes, flexions, and remaining words of an L n thesaurus are considered Syntax Particles. 3.3.2 Definition: Syntax Rule They include rules of word sequences:S/P, S/O/P etc. and can be directly related to rules of dialog functions.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7">  --563-4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DIALOG CYCLES 4.1 User inputs: a) identific., b) identific.+request, c) request, d) instruction confirmation, e) wrong instruction confirmation and f) unclear identific. 4.2 System inputs: a) interrupt, b), c), d) three different &amp;quot;wrong user actions&amp;quot;</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.3 System Outputs: a) instruction to
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> continue (4.1a), b) instruction + permission (4.1b,c,d), c) correction (4.1e), d) request for correct identific. (4.1f), e) standby instruct. (4.2a), f) correction to (4.2b), g) correction to (4.2c), and h) correction to (4.2d).</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.4 Determining the KFCs:
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Depending from the deuter-criterion:agevalue, the dialog cycles 1-6 from old to new are brought into relation to the sum of all potential partial dialogs, in this case 8. Among all cycles of the same age, frequency values and redundancies of single deuter are checked. Only a few deuter among all input data have the &amp;quot;switching ability&amp;quot; to select one of the 8 potential next cycles. These account for less than 20% of all input data. They are called &amp;quot;key features of content&amp;quot;, KFCs.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="7" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
5.ANSWER SEARCH LOGIC FOR PREPARED
ANSWERS (ASL)
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
5.1 Match Procedures MPs of KFCs:
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> According to 4.4, all potential KFCs are implemented as &amp;quot;twin-KFCs&amp;quot; in a twin-ROM. The implementation array is time-analoguos. As the input-KFCs appear also after the deuter-criterion age-value, a realtime MP will be quite simple.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
5.2 Trigger of prepared answers AT
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> As each dialog cycle of the eight dialogs consists of a) inputs and b) outputs, the dialog outputs (air controller utterances) can be easily copied for pre- null pared answers. They are triggered, if KFC match procedures MPs and system internal sensor inputs passed a sequential network AT. According to the 8 partial dialogs PDs, 7 switching combinations are possible:i) MP of I input KFC (PD6), 2) MP of 2 input KFCs (PDs 1,2,7,8), 3) MP of one among 2 input KFCs (e.g. in cycles 2-6), 4) interrupt (PD 1), 5) MP of I input-KFC + i of 3 systeminternal alerts No I, 6) like 5) No II, 7) like 5) No III.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
5.3 Sequential Network of AT
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> According to 5.2, for each Partial Dialog 7 potential switching combinations are possible (Fig. 2).</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
5.4 Components of the ASL
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The main units consist of a) a ROM for twin-KFCs, b) a KFC-matcher as a comparator device to match input-KFCs with twin-KFCs, and c) an AT (Fig, 3).</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="8" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
6 DEUTER STRING SYNTHESIZER DSS
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"/>
    <Section position="1" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
6.1 Function of a DSS
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> According to function- and memory redundancies in ASLs, (Fig. 3), the units:  I) KFC Twin ROM, 2) KFC Matcher 3) Answer Trigger, and 4) Answer Pool for Prepared Answers,  are combined in a &amp;quot;DSS-Logic&amp;quot;. Not only twin-KFCs but all potential deuter in all dialogs are stored in the DSS-Logic. This, in a way, substitutes the Answer Pool for prepared answers. The read only memory implementation must be in geometric &amp;quot;time logic&amp;quot;. Thus an electrical activation of one matched twin-KFC triggeres a sequence of surrounding stored deuter. This triggering is executed by a &amp;quot;switsch thru-&amp;quot;, a &amp;quot;put through connection&amp;quot; procedure. Each actualized deuter in such a &amp;quot;switch thru sequence&amp;quot; is simultaneously transformed into an audio output, a synchronous &amp;quot;read out&amp;quot; The &amp;quot;switch thru association&amp;quot; becomes &amp;quot;loud thinking&amp;quot;. This fits a logic answer to the input-KFCs. Major functions of the DSS are: I) All twin-KFCs serve potential match procedures with input-KFCs.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> 2) After an input-KFC is matched, the matched twin-KFC is activated as &amp;quot;the first deuter&amp;quot; in a triggered deuter sequence. null 3) The length of the sequence will be limited from 3 to I0 deuter.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> 4) Each connected deuter in a triggered deuter sequence is allocated with 2-3 seconds time, in which the adequate English utterance can be expressed by a speech synthesizer device.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> 5) The &amp;quot;switch thru connection&amp;quot; to neighbouring deuter in the deuter sequence continues only, after the English word of the last deuter is spoken out.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
6.2 Architecture of a DSS
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The array of DSS content is divided into dialog cycle sections. For each of them five or more KFC-Match/Trigger Stations (Mattrigs) are provided. Structure and organization of function units in all first dialog cycles of the eight model dialogs are shown in Fig. 4: If such sections for the remaining dialog cycles 2-6 of all potential dialogs are compiled in an analoguous way and put together, a further elimination of redundant portions will help to create a complex DSS architecture.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="9" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
Acknowledgements:
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> By courtesy of the &amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Flugsicherung&amp;quot; in Frankfurt/M, the author has been permitted to copy tapes at the air traffic control center at Stuttgart  statistical thesaurus evaluations A research project sponsored by the &amp;quot;Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft&amp;quot; in Bonn, under the topic: &amp;quot;Answer Searcher&amp;quot; is supervised by the author.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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