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<Paper uid="C90-3014">
  <Title>A Phonological</Title>
  <Section position="3" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
3. Korean Phonology Structure Grammar
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> As mentioned above, KLSG\[5\] is a new grammar theory for the Korean language and follows a unification-based grammar such as GPSG\[6\] and HPSG\[7\]. An outstanding characteristic of the KLSG, which has its descriptive capability, can be described in syntatic and morphological knowledges as well as &amp;quot;knowledge of writting system, phonological and semantic knowledge with a unified grammar theory. In this paper we are only concerned with the phonological structure of the Korean language.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> 3-1. The phonological feature system in KPSG All the Korean phonological categories of KPSG are presented by the sets of feature and they consist of feature and their values. In the following, we briefly described the phonological feature structure of KPSG.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2. Syllable Structure of Korean Language
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> A spoken language is not only a linear of sound segments, but is a group of vowels and consonants to form large units of a sound such as syllables, words and utterance. In this section we present the nature and properties of the Korean phonetic structure : Korean syllable. The Korean syllable structure has two types: one is the type of consonant and vowel group(CV type : 71- : ga), and the other is the type of consonant, vowel and consonant group(CVC type : 7-1- : gak). ~\[he Korean language, however, has a predominant writing system : HANGUL which is based on sound segments and syllables. F_zpecially, a HANGUL syllable corresponds to one character which is a combination of two or three sound symbols. In other words, a spoken syllable corresponds to a written syllable as a one-to-one fashion.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Structurally, a syllable may be divided in to three parts : oneset, necleus and coda. The most prominent part of a</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> This feature presents the consonant and vowel according to the articulatory properties of phoneme.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> This feature presents the practical phonetic values of the Korean language.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> FOLL(FOLIow) ; This feature can take a set of categories as its values : the value corresponds to a list of categories.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> 3-2. The Korean syllable structure rule We can de~ribe the Korean syllable struture of Fig 1 using the value of FOLL features as follow :  are predictable with the form of the rules; the syllabic feature appears on the set of feature similar to the left hand side among the right hand side in the rules.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> In the KPSG, we assume the syllable structure rule as the general rule as follow :</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> where M and M' are the mother categories, C and H are the daughter categories, in which C is the complement category, and tt is the head category, respectively. Since (1-3) is a binary., tree, we u~ (1-1') to get a syllable structure for (1-2'). its content is determined by the principles discussed later. The head in a rule plays the role of a primitive in the knowledge processing of KPSG, and the feature of head is applied by the following principle, A. Head Feature Principle(HFP) The values of the idivklual HEAD features of the mother are indentical to the values of the HEAD features corn~'sponding to its head.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="11"> This principle guarantees that the values of these head features at the M(M') mxte and those at H noxIt in the (1-3). The general idea behind the formulations is to state certain constraints regarding the head features, qhe head features include SYL and PV.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="12"> But tim HFP does not give necessary assignment of the values to the syllable's element. The rules for the sound sequence and the phonological processes are handled by another principle called subeat feature principle.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="13"> B. Subcat Feature Principle(SFP) '\[he value of the FOLL feature of a head is indcntical to the FOLL feature of its naother except for the category which is identical to its daughter.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="14"> The sulx~lt feature principle states the rdationship that hol&amp;; belween the FOLL vahte of the mothcr and that of the head in a given local phonology tree.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="15"> C. Binding Frature Principle(BFP) &amp;quot;\[\]fis principle states the distritmtion of binding features over a given syllabic tree. A binding fealure is a feature whose value is determined with respect to a category I~r~sibly seperatcd by a number of syllable boundaries. &amp;quot;Ilfis feature plays a crucial role in describing the phonological process: vowel harmony and so on.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="16"> ~ihese principles are the constraints to select the adequate local syllabic tree among the inadequate local syllabic trees generated by the alxovc phonological rules: M ---&gt; C H and M' ---&gt; M H. The information of the basic feature values is prepared as the concrete phoneme entry, and is propagated a local tree to another local tree during the phonological processing, qtm operation which determines the structure cff feature and the sets of feature is called unification.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="17"> The feature system in phonological knowledge base system plays a role of the declarative feature knowledge and the unification applied by the principles correspond to the procedural knowdedge which specify the rules governing the sound sequence and phonological process. From the viewpoint of sound inventories, each rule is described deelaratively as a constraint condition which is ~ttled among the features. &amp;quot;1tin equality and partiality among the feature are defined by the concept of unification.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
  <Section position="5" start_page="0" end_page="0" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4. Pratical examples
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> In this section we illustrate how the phonological rules in KPSG are operated. The processes of sound change vary in the degree of naturalness. The~.~. are various type.s of assimilations such as (1) nasalizal~0n, (2) palatalization,  (3) assimilation and (4) vowel assimilation and ~ on. Among those various types of assimilation, we investigate the most colnmon type of tim nasal assimilation in the Korean language.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> (1-4) nasal assimilation(nassalization) a. k - - &gt; ~/ ..... \[+na~l\] b. p - - &gt; m/ ..... \[+nasal\] c. t - - &gt; n/ ..... \[+nasal\] (1-4) is the formal descriptions of the phonological rules based on the theory of generative phonology. The notation k - &gt; / - - - \[+nasal\] is to be read as &amp;quot;k is re-written as if nasal phonetics is immediately to its fight&amp;quot;. ~lhe~ rules correpond to the procedural knowledge of phonological process. In comparison with this, unification based formalism is declarative knowledge representation. For example, (1-5) \[SYL c-o ; FOLL { i ; PV a+/3 \] / \</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="3"> (1-5) presents the general rule form for na~l assimulation and here PVc~+/3means that phonetic values are composed according to the comtx.'sitional phonology. Now, we show the scheme of the rule form (1-5) with a praefial example in the case of rule (1-4a) In the (1-6), the feature's values such as c-'or v, nasal, and m or n, etc. colxespond to feature, SYL, PDF and PV respectively. At each node, the feature's values of the mother are passed to the head according to the head feature principle, the syllable's Lxotmdaries and agreement between the fcatures are recoglrizcd and sound's value is synthesized by the feature principle.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4">  Finally, we present briefly a Korean sound inventories (symbolic databases of phonetics) .of the phoneme used in the allophone rule.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6"> In the (1-7), the feature set shows the phonological constraints of each phoneme respectMy.</Paragraph>
  </Section>
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