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<Paper uid="C94-1017">
  <Title>Perspectives of DBMT for monolingual authors on the basis of LIDIA-1, an implemented mock-up</Title>
  <Section position="6" start_page="115" end_page="117" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
2. Demonstration
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> The user can choose the seleclion tool (v&amp;quot;) and select Ihe object to be translated (Fig. 4).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1">  The button of treatment state then appears. When clicking on it (lig 5), a windoid or pop-up window appears (Fig. 7). Le eapititine a rapport6 un vase de Chine. \]  If the sentence has to be disambiguated, the author is asked to answer some questions. The aulhor is advised a new question is ready by a new ilem in the menu Message and by a button which appears over the concerned object as in figure 7. The user can choose to interact at once or later l ee eal)itaine a rapl)ort6 un vase tie Chine. \] I .... m.I Figure 7: the object have a question of terminology Suppose the user clicks on the ~ button. A first queslion appears (Fig. 8).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2">  With the dialogue (Fig. 8), the author select the attachement of 'de Chine' (Chinese). Then, a second dialogue appears (Fig. 9) where tile author chooses Ihe sense of 'capitainc'. The senses are l'oul~d in \])atax, a multilingual lexical database mock-up \[Sdrasset 19931.  Once the dis,'unbigualion step h:cs been performed, tile user can ask for the mmotated form of the text (Fig. 10) which contains the syntactic class 0f each occurrence and the syntactic ftmction of each phrase.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="4"> l,'igure lO: annotated form These annotations should help tile user understatLd tile structure produced by the analyser. We lhink that experienced users would like to shortcut some dialogues by inserting some disambiguation marks flmmselves.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="5"> To check the translalion produced in each target language, tile user can ask for the &amp;quot;reverse translation&amp;quot;. From German and for the second interpretalion of tile example,  3. Other aspects  As it delnonslratiOLL Call llot show all cxlernal aspects (if tile inock-up, let us now give more details aboul lhc interface, the implementation techtLiqtlcs, anLl Ihe mclh(xlology for disambiguatitm.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="6">  Once tile preferences have been defined, tile author uses a ltlClltl and a palette to inlcracl with l ,II)IA.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="7"> The inleraclion wilh the atHhor is ma(le through tile LIDIA mentl (Fig. 13), the Messages IIlelltl, a palette (Fig. 14), feedback buttons (Fig. 1) and windoids (Fig. \[).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="8"> The nLenu shown hew. offers 8 choices: process the selected object according to tile set of preferences, process some object with a particular preference set, show tile 2 'The captain has brought back a Chinese vase.' trealillcnts' progress, show the reverse translatiOll, show tile annolations, show the palelte, modil3t tile preferences and build tile target stacks.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="9"> Figure 14: the palette The user can also ask for tile frequent lrcalmenls with it palette. In the first line are displayed the 1.1DIA Iools (process lhe selected ohject, show Ihe \[reiltinellt progress, show the annotations and show tile reverse trallS\]aliOll). Ill tile second lille are Ihe browsing tools.</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="10"> The translation process is divided into two steps: lhe sland;udisalion and tile clarification. Wc lrwe seen tile clarification pr(Ecss during 1he (lelllOllStration, let us have a l(xlk on tile standardization step.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="116" end_page="117" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
3.2. Implementation
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The implememati(m is cha,aclerizcd by Ihe use of a distributed archilccltlre, a whilelmard apluO;~ch , and object-orienled techniques.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> a. Distributed architecture Three machines (Fig. 15) are involvc(l in the IiallslaliOll process.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> On die aulhor's workstation tile HyperCard Kernel sends and receives nlessages lronl the LIDIA kernel which organists the translation process for each object. The LIDIA Kernel sends transladotl jobs to lhe Translation server via lhe Communication serve/'. The LIDIA Kernel also asks 1o prepare the disambigualion questions.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> b. Whiteboard approach Igor each object to be hanslated, the LJDIA Kernel creates a mirror object (it text file) in which arc sto,ed all information required by lhe lranslalion process aml necessary for Ihe construction of tile target stack. We distinguish Ix~twccn static trod dynamic id/brmation. Static inlormalion is whal is altache(I by llyperCard to each object. It is necessary to construcl target slacks. I)ynamic inlormation is any information used by l ADIA to translale the COlltcnt of all object.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> These files can be cons|tiered as whiteboard.v as defined in \[Scliyman &amp; Be|let 19941. Unlike Ihc blackboard, tile whiteboard is accessed only by a coordinator (the IJDIA Kernel), nnd nol by tile componcnls (Disambiguation kernel and RemoteMacMain-Frame). '|'he main advaulage of this architecture is 1o allow easy integral|tin of existing new contlXme,lls without h;tving to modify them.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> c. Object oriented techniques ExcepI tile lingware, all coInpOllCnlS list ol:tjccl-oricnlc(I programming. The module for tile Terminology , Ihe idioms ;tn(l the Typage as tile kernel of tile Communication server are written in liyperTalk the llyperCard scriptinj; language.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> The LIDIA serveur is writlen with CI.()S (MCI.). Although encapsulated within tile Sallle cnvironmenl, tile LIDIA Kernel and Ihe Disambiguation Kernel communicate by exchanging messages anti can thell be distributed.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7">  The disambiguati0n process is organized around a pattern marcher \[Blanchon 199211. For five out of the eight classes of ambiguity considered ill tile mock-up, we use a mechanism of pattern matching with unification of variables which allows to recognize tile ambiguity and produce tile disambiguation dialogue. A dialogue construction method is associated with each pattern. These melheds rely on a set of thirteen operators.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="8"> Figure 16 shows the trees produced for the sentence 'Le capitaine a rapport6 un vase de Chine.' The p'ttterns (Patron &amp;quot;i2 &amp; Patron 13 ) used to recognize the ambiguity in our example are shown in Fig. 17.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="9"> The method associated with imttern '\]ke&lt;te(Y) rll-~tQ(Z) l&lt;trc\]-It:h%qe('\[bxte('\['), qt~t-o(V) ) which produces the lolIowing text: Le eapitaine a rapport6 tun vase de chine.) The method associated wid\] pattern 13 is: &amp;quot;\[t~:e(V) , ffbxte (Y) ~Ibxtc,(Z) 'l~:,xte (T) which produces tim following text: de Chine, le capitaine a rapport6 un vase.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
  <Section position="7" start_page="117" end_page="118" type="metho">
    <SectionTitle>
4. Towards an operational prototype
4.1. Interface
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> For a prototype, tim modules for tile terminology and tile idioms should use, at least, a lemmalizer, and with the text categorization module they shouM not rely on llyperCard any more (Fig. 17).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="1"> Our implementation of the 'guided kmguages' idea is still very primilive. We hope to develop working techniques frolii our stu(lies on 'utlerence slyles' and 'lexl genres'. The inlerfaces of the standardization modtfles are only a first sketch. The iconic buttons used to ask for Ihe user intervention hgtve to be redesigned (we haven't fotmd a good solution yet). On Ihe olher hand, the etu'sors for tile I31)IA tools and (he feed-back bultons arc homogenous and could be kept (l:ig. 1 &amp; 7).</Paragraph>
    <Paragraph position="2"> Ill a future work, it will be necessary to adapt the dialogue type to the skills of tile audmr. The kind of dialogue we have developed allows only the user t(t select the right an'dysis. A new dialogue type could allow the user to get information and examples about lhe ambiguity currenlly solved. The user could then change its text or insert disambiguating marks.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="117" end_page="118" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.2. Implementation techniques
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The current iml)lementalion in terms of software anti hardware may be characlerizL:d ,as integrated, distributed and extensible.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  Using four servers (LIDIA, I)isambiguation, Communication, aud Translation) collaborating through messages and tcxl files as made it relatively easy to integrate tools running in different hardware attd/or sof(w,'ue environments. For using DBMT at home, a simple cmnmunication server could pilote a modem to request services from a LII)IA server, exactly as a mail utility. With such au architecture, a low-cost personal computer would be usable for mtthoring and translating.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> Using object-oriented programming techuklues makes the system easy to custo,nize.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="118" end_page="118" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
4.3. Implementation tools
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The dictionaries used by the Ariane-G5 lingwarc arc build from Parax \[S6rasset &amp; Blanc 1993\]. For a prototype we need a more powerfull and flexible tool, as also described iu \[SOrasset &amp; Blanc 19931.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> For developing (he lingware, we have used Ariane-G5, designed for heuristic programming in the context of snblanguages. We plan to develop some new Specialized Languages for l,ingnistic Programming, thereby workiug iq the direction of 'ambiguous programming' IBoilc( 1993\].</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> 4.4. Disambiguation process It has bceu clear from the begiuning that we would not be able to find, for each class of ambiguity we have chosen to solve, a uuique resolution method. Keeping in mind the kind of dialogues we wanted, we have cxamiued a large quanlity of ambiguity configurations and have arrived al 9 problem patterns.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> The use of at strategy, organizing the disaml)igualkm process, the use of patterns and methods implemented with a set of basic operators makc the process highly customizable. That's why we think about an etwi,'onment for the description of disambiguation pr(mess.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="4"> This environment integrates three modules: a ntodule for the pa(lerns definition, a module for the defiuition of the dialogue produclion methods, ;rod finally a module for the descriptiou of the disambiguation shategy.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="5"> Conclusion The implementation of our mock-up I,IDIA-I, firs( concrete experiment towards the I)BMT 'fo,&amp;quot; cveryNxly', has been done 'in breadth' at first, and 'in dcplh' o11 cerlaiu points. It was very important to tackle all the aspects. Previous experiments have showll Ihe necessity of a broad conception for a MT system to succeed, l)uring ot,r work we have seen that tile ergonomics goals cau trigger compulational and linguistic choices. The situalion is the same for (he compulati(mal or linguistic goals.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="6"> The idea of the interactive clarilication approach in the context of natural language processing seems now to interest a real cotmnunity. For MT, the current work of \[Wehrli 1993\], \[Yamaguchi, et al. 1993\], atul lhc ongoing work on JETS \[Tsutsumi, et al. 199311 arc some good examples. For speech systems, tile interactive clarification approach is also a solution as shown iu \[Fraukish, et aL 1992\] and proposed in \[Ainsworth &amp; Pratt 1992\] and \[Saito 1992\].</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="7"> As far as 1he l'tlture is concerned, we have begun to study multimodal interactive disambiguation with ATR-ITL in a more general framework than 1,1DIA-1. We hope to gel adequate support R}r developing a more larger-scale prototype in the next few years.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
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