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<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?> <Paper uid="C96-1080"> <Title>The Influence of Tagging on the Classification of Lexical Complements</Title> <Section position="4" start_page="0" end_page="472" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> Word Classes Manual (Wolff', 1995). 2 Tagging Task </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> We tagged 100 exmnples for each of 750 common verbs which had previously been entered in the COMLEX lexicon. These tags, which becmne part of the dictionary entry, contain tile location of the example and the name of the w~'rbal complement identified at that location (see figure 1 for a sample 1e.g. pp :pval &quot;to&quot; for he went to the party; part-np :adval &quot;up&quot; for he woke up the child.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> ~Developed by J. Grimshaw and R. Jackendoff.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> tagged entry). The original motivation lot tagging was l,wofold, (1) to gather stadstil:s on the fix> quency of oc(:urrencc of a parti(:ular complement of a verb and (2) 1,o check on COMI3BX (:overag(;, ascertaining @at l,he most {:(mun(mly occurring (',{}mph~meni;s had no|, be(;n (}verl(/oked in tim (}riginal cntries.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> The (:orI)us us(xl for this t;agging {:(resists (if Brown (all, i.e. 7 MB), Wall Sia'{'.{;t ,hmrna.1 (\] 7 MB), San .lose Mc, l'(:ury (3(} MB), Asso{:iate{t Press (29.5 MB), Mis{:eJlaneous (Trc(;1}ank litcrat;ure 1.5 MB) etc. adding up L{I about 1{}0 MB of rex|;.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> The tags ill figure 21 are all fl'(}ln I;ll{} Bl(/wn C{)l't)ils. Wc (:h()s(? 1;o give pref(_~r{~n{;(~ to tagging examt}tes K()m tlrown. In that way, we i:{ml(t overlap, as mu(;h as ln)ssible, with ()ttmr Lagging i~itort;s l;hat ha,ve l)e{m d{}ne on l;h(', \]h'own (\]orlms lly dm l){mn Treet)ank and Wor{1NeL \]ill {,h('. cr(}aPSion of the original C()MI,EX, tra(lit;ional di{:ti(mary pr()cedur(,' was followc{l/)y classifying verbs as having the {:omt)h;nmnts wid~ which |;hey can appear in isolation in simple declarative sentences. This {:lassiticadon is cerl;ainly useful in mt{lersta,n(ling the argument; stru(:iaue (if dm v{',l'l)s.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> lh}wever, this at}i}r{}a{:h rims inl;o {',{}nil|el, with tin'. task of tagging cxmnl}lcs in a {:{)ri}us. Comt)hunents may l}e |;l'ansfo\]ln{xl (so\]nel;inles l)(:y(/nd ready r{~(:ognition) or {:ontextualty z(;roed. Tim conlpleni(~ilt l\[lay (}C{;llr in |;lit; sanl(~ H(~ilf,(~Jic( ', ,%s in topi{:a\]izal;i(m and l}assivizati(m, it, may t}(; zeroed but re{:ov(;ral)h~ (to a gre, ater or less(!r {h,'gr('s) as in wh-clmlses, and wh-qu('.stions, it may 1}e zelO(~,d and re{:{)veral)\]{~ s{unmlt;i(:;dly (it it may I}e zeroe{1 but; r{~(:overable only fl'om dis{',ourse analysis {1\] it can l}e ambiguous. T{} t)e {:onsistent with tim original at)t)roa(:h , the (:omt}lenmnt, s have been r(x;onsl;ru(:|;(~,{\[ who, r(; t){}ssil)le. Furl;herinor(% we have noted that not; a,ll verbs are equally subject; U} pardcular types of {:ontexl;ua\] zeroing of (:ontplenmnl;s. a The l;ype (}\[ zeroing involved in th(: (~xmnt}le, s has l)(:(m recorded in tim |;ags and a,{lded U) the di('{;i{mary.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="5" start_page="472" end_page="472" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 3 Passivization and Topicalization </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The rccov(;ry {)f th(; c(}mt)hmmnt in passivization and |;opicalizati{nl is reasonably straig\]lt-forwar(l, {;hough passivizadon may lead t;{) misintert)r(',tat;ion of dm (:omI}lement. In a sent{;nc( ~, like (1) given l;hc distance l}(;twe{;n &quot;orde, r&quot; and &quot;to dig&quot;, dm |;endency is 1,o mark th(; to-intinitivc as part of Lhe COml)lemIml; rath(u' than l}arl, {if the noun phrase. In cxamt}h;s (2) - (4) t;h{: separate{1 1}p's and np are, ill 1&quot;;1121;, parl; {}f |;he (?()MI,EX (:omph> :~e.g &quot;He suggested dtat 1 should go and I agr(:e{1.&quot; zeroed %o go' vs * &quot;lie sugg('sl;e{1 dmt l should g(} and I wan~ed.&quot; where it; is not 1)ossibh~ to zer(} '{;o go'.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> in(~n|,. 4 (i) Orders were GIVEN to dig. \[np\] (2) Annual authorizations of $15 mi\].lion were ADDED for area vocational education programs that meet national defense needs for highly skilled ..</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> \[np-pp :pval &quot;for&quot;\] (3) sets were developed and distributed, and lantern slide teaching sets on 2J pathology subjects were ADDED to the loan library of the Medical Illustration Service. \[np-pp :pval &quot;to&quot;\] (4) The front part of my head was CALLED a face, and I could talk with Jr.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> \[np-np-pred\] (5) To that Rousseau could AGREE.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> \[pp :pval &quot;to&quot;\] (6) Even if that's all the promise he over GAVE... \[np\] (?) Arthur Williams had to be located, they AGREED. \[that-s\] Topicalization (;xamt)h;s (5) through (7) show thai, the complem{mt is readily a{:c{Bssil)l(;, ltow--C,V(',I'~ CV{UI \]l{~,l'{ ~, WC, (;idll SC, C l;hal; in (~,Xaillt)le (7) {;h(; {:{)mt}hmmnl; at}pears t{) need a (;ha, t-coinl}l{~nl(~nl;iz(',r wh{',n it ()CCtll'H at'l;el ' {;h(~ verb. Tol}i{;aliz~rtion (t()es n{}t alh)w a thai,i:Oml)hmmnt, iz{!\] (8)*That Arthur Williams had to be locat-, ed, they agreed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> so we either have to sl;al;(~ tluzI; &quot;agree&quot; takes a \]}al;e senI;(~,iic(~ or w(B h;~vo, to add material that iH not in tim texi,.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="6" start_page="472" end_page="473" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 4 Wh-clauses </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> The cxist,(;n(',(; ()\[' &quot;missinp;&quot; {',omplenmnl;s f()r(:(',s one into dm uncomfortable 1)osidon (}t' tagging items t,hat (lo not app(~a.r ill I;\]m text. If {;he {-{imi)lement ca.n be recov(u'ed st;raighd'orwardly from the surrom~(ling S(~III;(~IICO, (;he verb was marked far that (:omphmmnl;. IPor examt)le , in relal;ive clauses Lhe (;(inll)l(~in(?nt; 4;311 llSu0Jly I){~ r(~{;over{!(1.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> (9) ... to sit more patiently with what they have BOUGHT. \[np\] (I0) There is perhaps no value statemen~ on which people would more universally AGREE than the statement that intense pain is bad. \[pp :pval &quot;on&quot;\] (ii) &quot;What have you GOT on today&quot;? she inquired. \[part-np :adval &quot;on&quot;J (12) Where were they all WALKING to? \[pp :pval &quot;to&quot;\] 4NIl in |;\]m examples tlm capitalized vert) is I;h{', one in question. The conq)lemenI; with whi(:h the vea'l) should 1)e tagged appea,rs in square brackets. Unless otherwise specified dmsc exmnples are all from the (H)I'pllS.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> In all the above cases, except for sentence (13) the complement can be unambiguously recovered. In sentence (9) they bought something, in (10) they would agree on the statement, and in (11) he/she has got somettfing on. However, even though &quot;where&quot; is to be reconstructed in both (12) and (13) only in (12) can it be unambiguously interpreted as being part of a pp (they were walking to somewhere); in (13) &quot;where&quot; could be interpreted as a pp or an advp (it began there/it began at school) so we classify it as having the class &quot;where&quot; (which is not a COMLEX complement). null</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="7" start_page="473" end_page="473" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 5 Parentheticals </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> hlrther &quot;missing&quot; complements were found in parentheticals. null (14) For example, to move (as the score REQUIRES) from the lowest -F-major register up to a barely audible ~N minor in four seconds, not skipping, at the same time, even one of the 407 fingerings, seems a feat too absurd to consider, and it is to the flautist's credit that he remained silent throughout the passage. (15) The ideal home, they AGREED, would be a small private house or a city apartment of four to five rooms, just enough for a family Reconstructing a TO-INF ~r &quot;requires&quot; in (14) would not be correct since &quot;require&quot; needs a NP-TO-INF (*the score requires to move), but it is not clear what the np could be (perhaps &quot;the flautist&quot;? the tone?). We felt these cases to be different from the other cases that we have discussed above not only because of the difficulty of locating the complement but in the nature of the construction. This construction is more similar, in fact, to COMLEX's V-SAY feature which allows a verb like &quot;say&quot; to occur in sentence adjunct positions without its complement, s (16) He said, &quot;I want to see you.&quot; (17) &quot;I&quot;, he said, &quot;want to see you.&quot; (18) &quot;I want&quot;, he said, &quot;to see you.&quot; (19) &quot;I want to see you,&quot; he said.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> Therefore, we concluded that the fact that these verbs can occur without their complements is a fact about the graminar of parentheticals. These examples, then, have been tagged as &quot;parenthetical&quot; and the new COMLEX feature PAREN-THETICAL has been given to the verbs which can occur in parentimtical constructions.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="8" start_page="473" end_page="474" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 6 The &quot;Intransitive&quot; Question </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> We have encountered several types of zeroing in the corpus which occur with verbs which we would normally consider transitive (~ or verbs which can be intransitive only under special circumstances.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> For example, in isolation, &quot;agree&quot; may not occur intransitively unless it has a plural subject (COM-LEX intrans-recip class). 7 (20) he agreed with her.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> (21) they agreed. (with each other) ~Examples not from the corpus.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> aNote, that while ibr some &quot;transitive&quot; verbs are defined only as verbs which take NP complements, we consider verbs &quot;transitive&quot; that take any type of complement, including PPs (22) *he agreed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> However, the data is rife with examples of intransitive '!agree&quot; occurring with a singular subjeer as seen by the following examlfles.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> (23) the gourmet insisted that it is done that way at the most fashionable dinners, the girl reluctantly AGREED.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> (24) Why, it's all right, isn't it, Mother&quot;7 Her woolly-minded parent AGREED &quot;Of course, dear&quot;, she said. &quot;It's only that I like to know where you go&quot;.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> (25) &quot;He's one hell of a decent boy.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> I like that kid&quot;. &quot;I AGREE, yes&quot;. (26)... he hoped to persuade him to become his assistant in research for the labor novel; if Breasted AGREED, they would get a car and tour the country, (27) ..spoke up, &quot;plenty of it. Let me give Papa blood&quot;. The doctor AGREED, but explained that it would be necessary first to check Fred's blood to ascertain whether or not it was of the same type...</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> We have estat)lished the. class INTRANS-ELLIPSIS for these cases and since we feel that the coInplement is &quot;underlyingly&quot; t)resent (the tagger is able. to supply the missing material) we would like to 1)e able to reconstruct a coral)l(> inent tot- the above instances of &quot;agree&quot;. There scent to be twe 1)ossi/)ilities: (A) whe.re someone agrees with someone that-s (in (23) she agreed \[with him/that it was done that way\], s in (24) she agreed \[with her/that it was all right\], in (25) I agree \[with you/with that/that he is a decent boy\]); (B) a toqnfinitive (in (26) if he agreed \[to become his assistant\], in (27) he agreed (to let him/her give him blood\]).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> Even though this last example (27) I)resents some difli('ultics in re(:onstruction (1) because it o(:curs outside the senten(:e containing the verb and (2) beemlse there is a (:hange of mood fl:om imperative to inlii|itival, we can mMerstand that the doctor agreed to let \[hint\] give blood and reconstruct a subject controlled to-infinitive. The COMLEX tag entry is</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="9" start_page="474" end_page="474" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> (INTRANS-ELLIPSIS :ELLIP (to-inf-sc)) </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> lntrans-ellii)sis is the nalne, of the (:lass and what is elided (:ell|p) is a subject eontrolh,d to infinitive (to-inf-sc, a COMLEX eolnplelnent). The others (senteImes 23-25) were tagged, arbitrarily, as having a prepositional phrase containing the l)reposi tion &quot;with&quot; and they will be entered in the diet|onary with the tag INTRANS-EI~MPSIS :ELLII ) a l SThere is Mso th(; reading st e agreed to do it; that w&y&quot; (pp :pval (&quot;with&quot;)). The new COMLEX complement INTRANS-ELLIPSIS is added to verbs of this type and therefore COMLEX differentiates between &quot;true&quot; intransitives 9 and eases like the above.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> W~ also found occurrences of &quot;hat)itual&quot; intransit;ives in the text. Even verbs which are always considered to be transitive, like &quot;hit&quot; for example, can be used intransitively if the action is considered to be habitual. 10 (28) That child always hits.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> (29) She always abbreviates, a very annoying habit.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> (30) He nagged constantly.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> We tagged these \[INTRANS-HABITUAL\].~1 Since it seems that this ix really a grammatical question, as any verb (it would seem) may occur an a habitual intransitive, it has not been proposed as a COMLEX comph;inent.</Paragraph> </Section> <Section position="10" start_page="474" end_page="475" type="metho"> <SectionTitle> 7 New Noun Phrase Complement, NADVP </SectionTitle> <Paragraph position="0"> During ore: tagging, we tound that |her(; are a group of noun phrases that t)attern with adverbs and prepositional phrases, which we have called NADVI&quot;s (Noun Adverbial Phrases). These arc divided into NADVP-TIME, NADVP-DIR, NP-NADVP-LOC and NADVP-MANNER. ()flea these expressions are adjuncts, but in the following examples, they are comt)lelnents since they are. required to t)roduce a grammatical sentence.(The examples in this section are not from the corpus but similar examt)les were fo(md) The meeting took 3 hours. \[nadvp-time\] *The meeting took.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="1"> He headed home~east~that way. \[nadvp-dir\] *He headed.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="2"> He put the stakes every five feet.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="3"> \[np-nadvp-loc\] *He put the stakes.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="4"> He put it that way. \[np-nadvp-manner\] *He put it.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="5"> These noun phrases may be substituted tbr by adverbs or prepositional phrases.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="6"> The meeting took 3 hours. \[nadvp-time\] The meeting took long. \[advp\] He headed home/east/that way. \[nadvp-dir\] He headed to the store. \[pp\] tie put the stakes every five feet.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="7"> \[np-nadvp-loc\] He put the stakes at designated places.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="8"> \[pp\] &quot;e.g. sh'.ep, in It('. slept and arriw; in he arrived IdegEXaml)les no|; DOln |;it{; corpus 11We use intrans-habitual to rc.fer to generic situslions as we.ll, e.g. &quot;As a group, three year ohl children hit.&quot; He put it that way. \[np-nadvp-manner\] He put it firmly. \[nadvp-dir\] In general these verbs do not take regular np complenlents, at least not with the same meaning. The meeting took/lasted 3 hours.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="9"> He took/*lasted the car.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="10"> He headed/went home.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="11"> He headed/*went the cow down the road.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="12"> *He put the stakes the table.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="13"> *He put it the interest.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="14"> 8 NUNITP: to Tag or not to Tag Another (:lass of noun t)hrases caused us great soul searching. A number of verbs take very particular noun phrases. Verbs like &quot;increase&quot;, &quot;decrease&quot; and &quot;expand&quot; take complement groups which require a noun with the subclass NUNIT. ~2 These verbs occurred t)redoIninately in environments like The price increased 5 to :tO percent.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="15"> The price increased 5 dollars a share.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="16"> We decided not to make this a separate NP coniplement for several reasons: (1) these verl)s also take regular NP complements, though in some instances (as in the below example) the meaning of the verb changc.s. As COMLEX does not sense disambiguate the semantic difference does not af~ feet the dictionary entry.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="17"> &quot;Those vitamins increased his appetite.&quot; (2)the NUNITPs are not syntacticly distinguished; other nouns occur with similar structures. null &quot;He ate 5 to :tO pickles (a day).&quot; On the other hand, the increase-type verbs can appear with a whole range of nunitp comt)lements (cornpleinents which contain an nunitp 1at: The price increased (5Z) to $10 (a share).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="18"> The price increased (SY,) from $10 (a share). The price increased from $10 (a share) to $30 (a share).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="19"> The price increased to 30 dollars from i0 dollars.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="20"> The price increased by 5Z to end at $i00.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="21"> whereas verbs like &quot;eat&quot; can not *He ate to/from 10 pickles.</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="22"> *He ate by 10~ to 20 pickles (a day).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="23"> Mthough we decided not to add NUNITP as a separate NP complement, we have let the NUNITP tags for verb complements remain, to reflect the information that in our corpus this type t~These art'. nouns which can appear in quantifier phrases including a scalar adjectiw~ before another noun o1 as a head noun tollowed by a prel)ositional phrase containing a scalar mmn (a two FOOT long board/a board two FEET in length).</Paragraph> <Paragraph position="24"> laThe nunitp is S/dollars in the examples of verb occurs almost exclusively with this type of NP. Wc have added a separate frame group with the name NUNITP-TO-I{ANGE which includes the conq)leinents mentioned abow~'. Although, it is called NUNITP to underline the fact that ordinarily the nouns that occur are NUNITs or at'('. coerced into being NUNITs in this structure ~4, the. NPs are not formally distinguished as such in the notation of the fl'ame group. The fact (hal; these noun phrases, and the NADVPs above, behave in a manner distinct Dom other NPs is recognized and discussed in Ross's paper on Defective Noun Phrases (Ross, 1995)</Paragraph> </Section> class="xml-element"></Paper>