<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Paper uid="C00-2125">
  <Title>Modelling Speech Repairs in German and Mandarin Chinese Spoken Dialogues</Title>
  <Section position="2" start_page="0" end_page="865" type="relat">
    <SectionTitle>
1 Related Work
</SectionTitle>
    <Paragraph position="0"> This section sumlnariscs previous results related  to speech repairs. First, a generally adopted template model of describing repairs is introduced, lbllowed by a brief sumnaary of recent studies on speech repair processing in German and Mandarin Chinese.</Paragraph>
    <Section position="1" start_page="864" end_page="864" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.1 Template Model of Repairs
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> Most models of repair structures (Lcvclt 1983) apply a template-based approach. In 1)rinciplc, a telnplate model is colnposed of three parts: rcparandum (Rcp), editing tcnns (Et) and alteration (Alt). The rcparanduna denotes the speech stretch, which nccds to bc repaired, whereas the alteration is the repair itself. Editing terms are seqnences produced between the reparandum and the alteration, which often appear in tbrm of silent or filled pauses and can also bc absent, depending on the Sl)caking situation. A classification systenl of repairs can bc derived from the structural relations betv,'ecll the reparandum, the editing term and the alteration:</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="2" start_page="864" end_page="864" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.2 Gramnmr-Oriented Production of
Gernmn Speech Repairs
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> German, an Indo-Europcan language, is a language with a strong emphasis on grammatical flexion. Phrases with congruence in gender,  i Verbatiln translation: will influence whole POSSESSIVF,-particle Mmle industry PO SS\]:;SS1VI ';-particle investment interests. Sentential translation : It will influence the whole the whole industrial investment interests.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1">  2 And beneath that is the yellow nut dl the orange nut.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> 3 And at the right-side an orange dot orange dot.  munber and case are important from syntactic and naorphological viewpoints. Tiros, phrasal boundaries may play a role in the production of German repairs. Results provided by Tseng (1999) empirically support the significant role of phrasal boundaries in German by examining Gcmmn specch repairs. Phrasal boundaries seem to be the positions to start as well as to end speech repairs. The following utterance in which a German repair is produced clearly illustrates this t)henolneuon: &amp;quot;lch habe eiuen Wiirfel rail einer mit emem Gewmde 4'', where mit einer is a phrasal liagmcnt and mit einem Gewinde, starting fi'oln the phrasal beginning, is a complete phrase repairing the previous phrasal fiagment. In her conversation analysis on sclf-rcpairs in Gennan, Uhmalm (1997) also lnentions that repairs tend to appear at constituent boundaries ill nlost cases, i.e., deleting problem sequences involved in repairs will result in the utterances containing speech repairs becolning well-formed.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="3" start_page="864" end_page="865" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
1.3 Lcxis-Oricnted Production of Chinese
Speech Repairs
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> One way to illustrate the differences in languages is to examine and to compare the types of speech repairs in the languages respectively. The modcrn description methodologies of gralmnar structures in German and Chinese (Chao 1968, Li and Thompson 1981) originated froln similar theoretical backgrounds. However, Chinese has a great variety of colnpound words, but lacks grammatical lnarkings at the morphological level. To be morn specific, the word formation in Chinese is accomplished by combining morphelncs, where each morpheme has its own lexical content and orthographic character. This is essentially different from the syntactic-lnorphological derivation as well as compounding in Gennan.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Lee and Chen (1997) classified Chinese speech repairs in patterns and developed a language lnodol for their language recognition system to 4 I have one cube with a\[fcminine, singular, dative, indefinite\] with a\[neuter, singular, dative, indefinite\] bolt.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2">  cope with speech repairs. However, they did not carry out any further investigations on the structure of repairs. Different fronl the production of German speech repairs, Chui (1996) proposed, in her studies on repairs in Chinese spoken conversations, that syntax seems to play a less important role than the lexical complexity and tile size of words in the production of Chinese speech repairs. For instance, not tbe constituent boundaries, but the completeness of the lexical content and the  scope of the lexical quantity of the words should (~) and engineer (~-~_~) in the utterance /,g~ ;/c //g~y ~ ~_~ ~4~'~,f #/;~ &amp;quot;/2 t~.~ s, are the major factors which influence the production of repairs.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="3"> 2 Data and Corpus  In order to examine the production of speech repairs in different languages, the German corpus BAUFIX and the Chinese corpus TWPTH were chosen to carry out further comparative analyscs.</Paragraph>
    </Section>
    <Section position="4" start_page="865" end_page="865" type="sub_section">
      <SectionTitle>
2.1 German Data: BAUFIX
</SectionTitle>
      <Paragraph position="0"> The BAUFIX corpus (Sagerer el al. 1994) consists of 22 digitally recorded German human-human dialogues. 44 participants co-operated in pairs as instructor and constructor, where their task was to build a toy-plane.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="1"> Because of the limited visual contact between dialogue partners in some given cases, subjects had to rely on their verbal comnmnication to a great extent. This corpus setting was especially constructed to force subjects to repair their speech errors. For the purpose of this paper to investigate repair syntax, the corpus analysis is mainly concerned with immediate self-repairs.</Paragraph>
      <Paragraph position="2"> They were identified and hand-annotated by the author. In total, 500 speech repairs were classified according to their syntactic attributes such as categories and parts of speech. They were subsequently analysed with respect to the</Paragraph>
    </Section>
  </Section>
class="xml-element"></Paper>